Saponification direct

Commercially, soap is most commonly produced through either the direct saponification of fats and oils with caustic or the hydrolysis of fats and oils to fatty acids followed by stoichiometric (equal molar) neutralization with caustic. Both of these approaches yield workable soap in the form of concentrated soap solutions (- 70% soap). This concentration of soap is the target on account of the aqueous-phase properties of soap as well as practical limitations resulting from these properties. Hence, before discussing the commercial manufacturing of soap, it is imperative to understand the phase properties of soap. 

Direct Saponification. Direct saponification of fats and oils is the traditional process utilized for the manufacturing of soap. Commercially this is done through either a kettle boiling batch process or a continuous process. 

Comparison of Base Soap Manufacturing Routes. Direct saponification of fats and oils is well known, characteri2ed, and straightforward requires Httle equipment and is relatively energy-efficient. However, it is not very effective with regard to changes in the fats and oils ratio desired for finished soap bar formulations. Furthermore, direct saponification has the drawbacks of lower glycerol yields, limited flexibiUty toward... 

This arises, because water accelerates the direct saponification reaction between the EVA and the alkali catalyst. Moreover, water also accelerates the reaction between an acetic acid ester formed as a byproduct in the transesterification and the alkali catalyst. 

The basic process is that of reacting fat stocks with alkali to form soap (direct saponification) and glycerin, followed by washing to remove the glycerin. Two methods of direct saponification are in common use kettle method and continuous saponification). An alternative method is splitting fat stocks with water (hydrolysis) to form fatty acids and glycerine, followed by neutralization of the fatty acids with alkali,... 

Fetouris, D.J., Botsoglou, N.A., Psomas, I.E., and Mantis, A.I. 1998. Rapid determination of cholesterol in milk and milk products by direct saponification and capillary gas chromatography.. /. Dairy Sci. 81 2833-2840. 

Direct saponification of fats and oils is well known, characterized, and straightforward requires little equipment and is relatively energy-efficient. However, it is not... 

Fatty adds are predominantly used as intermediates. Main applieations are water soluble soaps for household eleaning, personal care, industrial and institutional (I I) cleaning and synthetic rubber manufacturing by emulsion polymerization. Soaps are made by reaction of fatty acids with caustic alkalis, alkali carbonate or ammonia or (>90%) by direct saponification of the triglyceride oil. Another important group of fatty add soaps are dry, water-insoluble metal soaps used as lubricants or stabilizers for PVC and other plastics and aqueous calcium stearate dispersions applied as paper coating... 

For direct saponification routes to soap, once a fat blend has been selected then particularly for toilet soap formulations, some method of raw material pretreatment is often applied. Commonly used methods involve bleaching, either with diatomaceous earth or activated carbon and, less commonly, deodorization... 

Poly (vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) polymers are surface active species which can be used to stabilise latex and oil in water dispersions. In order to understand the properties of these materials, it is necessary that their sequence distributions are well characterised. A number of NMR studies on the microstructure of PVA/PVAc copolymers have been made [51-53] (see also chapter 3). Moritani and Fujiwara [51], for example, have used proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy to extract dyad distributions for a range of copolymers with different degrees of deacetylation. Samples were prepared using one of three routes direct saponification of PVAc alcoholyis of PVAc using sodium methoxide and reacetylation of PVA. From the polymer composition and the dyad distribution, the parameter rj was calculated for each polymer as follows ... 

Besides olive-oil, the earth-nut, sesame, linseed, coleseed, and black garden poppy-oils, greases, tallows, eio. are also used in the fabrication of marbled soaps but the soap resulting from these different combinations of oily and fatty makers, while being of good quality, cannot be compart to those obtained by the direct saponification of olive-oiL The latter are always denser, firmer, and finer. 

Rather than a distillation of labile sulfochlorides or their direct saponification, the extraction of sulfochlorides with acetonitrile appears to be the best way of separation of the products from the reaction medium [17,39,47]. 

Molina and colleagues extraaed free fatty acids firom microalgae with the aid of alkali lysis. Other groups applied this method for recovering free fatty acids from Phaeodactylum tricornatum and from Porphyridium cmentund by direct saponification of the moist biomass with a KOH-ethanol mixture. 

In temperature-shift studies, cultures were grown at 15°C until mid log-phase and then shifted to SO C. Changes In lipid desaturation were monitored by direct saponification of total lipids followed by g.I.c. analysis [4]. 

Lipid analyses The total fatty acid and sterol fractions were isolated by direct saponification of the membranes as described by Weete et al. (1983) for total lipid. 

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