Base soap manufacture

Comparison of Base Soap Manufacturing Routes. Direct saponification of fats and oils is well known, characteri2ed, and straightforward requires Httle equipment and is relatively energy-efficient. However, it is not very effective with regard to changes in the fats and oils ratio desired for finished soap bar formulations. Furthermore, direct saponification has the drawbacks of lower glycerol yields, limited flexibiUty toward... 

Floating-Bar Manufacture. Base soap made from the desired blends of fat and oil first is flash-dried to a moisture content of about 22%. It then enters a mechanical mixer called a crutcher, where it is thoroughly mixed with perfume, preservatives, and air. The amount of air controls the density of the final product, giving the bar a density of less than one and making it floatable. 

Castor Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) seed 35-55 ricinoleic (80-90), oleic (4-9), linoleic (2-7), palmitic (2-3), stearic (2-3) emollient base, purgative, soap manufacture Castor seeds contain the highly toxic, but heat-labile protein ricin (see page 434)... 

Even as early as 1939, the soap industry began to create laundry detergents using surfactants that were supplied to the soap manufacturers by the petrochemical industry. Because the cleaning formulations prodnced from these synthetic detergents were a substantial improvement over soap products in use at the time, they soon gave rise to a global surfactant industry based on branched alkyl benzene (BAB) derived from branched paraffins. 

Esters hydrolyze in base in a process called saponification because it has been used to hydrolyze triglyceride ester groups in soap manufacturing. 

Current mass market soap manufacturing is based primarily around continuous soap making using either fat saponification or by fatty acid neutralization, utilizing a wide variety of natural and synthetic feedstocks. The soap chips produced are then usually finished using a high-speed soap line comprised of refiner mill, extruder, and stamper. Batch... 

Today palm oil is widely used in food applicahons and preferred for frying and baking applications because of its good oxidative stability and high solid fat content. Palm oil contains about 50% saturated (42 8% palmitic and 4-5% stearic acids) and 50% unsaturated fatty acids (37-41% linoleic and 9-11% linolenic acids). The fatty acid composition of palm kernel oil resembles that of the coconut oil rather than that of palm oil. Palm kernel oil is rich in lauric (about 48%), myristic (16%) and oleic (15%) acids. Both palm oil and pahn kernel oil are commercially separated into stearin (solid) and olein (liquid) fractions for special applications. The stearin fraction obtained from palm kernel can be used as a cocoa butter substitute. The olein fraction is used in baked goods and soap manufacturing. Imitation palm-oil-based cheese, hand and body lotion, fatty acid methyl esters for use as fuel or solvent, and epoxidized pahn oil to produce plasticizers and stabilizers for conventional polyvinyl chloride plastics are some of the other products that are produced from palm oil (Basiron, 2005). 

L. is used as edible fat (margarine, shortenings), ointment-base and in cosmetics. Lard oil has many technical applications, such as - lubricants, cutting fluids (- metal working fluids), oiling of wool and in - soap manufacturing. It is also used to make - pommades (extraction of fragrance). 

Three generations of latices as characterized by the type of surfactant used in manufacture have been defined (53). The first generation includes latices made with conventional (/) anionic surfactants like fatty acid soaps, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, and alkyl sulfonates (54) (2) nonionic surfactants like poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(vinyl alcohol) used to improve freeze—thaw and shear stabiUty and (J) cationic surfactants like amines, nitriles, and other nitrogen bases, rarely used because of incompatibiUty problems. Portiand cement latex modifiers are one example where cationic surfactants are used. Anionic surfactants yield smaller particles than nonionic surfactants (55). Often a combination of anionic surfactants or anionic and nonionic surfactants are used to provide improved stabiUty. The stabilizing abiUty of anionic fatty acid soaps diminishes at lower pH as the soaps revert to their acids. First-generation latices also suffer from the presence of soap on the polymer particles at the end of the polymerization. Steam and vacuum stripping methods are often used to remove the soap and unreacted monomer from the final product (56). 

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