Sketching

Many times, engineers will want to produce a sketch of a part, assembly, or process to communicate important information. Sometimes these sketches are computer drawn, but many times sketches are hand drawn. These are quickly 

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The following sketch shows the same ultimate recovery (area under the curve), produced in three different production profiles. 

Fig. 1 Sketch of the outlet SH header of a 600 MW ENEL power plant, Unit 3.

For each frequency 100 points were taken along a line running from the surface of the conductor into a depth of 30 mm in that region below the coil, where the maximum eddy currents are located (dashed vertical lines in the sketch). These data are fitted by appropriate polynomials to obtain an analytical expression for s (to, z) in the frequency and depth interval mentioned above. 

Such requirements are meant to change the usual configurations and technologies usually associated with photothermal set-up. These changes mainly affect the IR detection devices, the optical components associated with the excitation and detection flux and the signal acquisition hardware and software. Figure 9 presents a sketch of the so-called pre-industrial demonstrator built from those different improvements. 

When we look at a very simple sketch of an X-ray tube, we can outline some aspects of the applied technique of construction ... 

This opens perspectives for obtaining phase contrast information in a microfocus tomographic system Recently we have developed a desktop X-ray microtomographic system [4] with a spot size of 8 micrometer (70 KeV) and equipped with a (1024) pixel CCD, lens coupled to a scintillator. The system is now commercially available [5], The setup is sketched in Figure 1 In this work we used the system to demonstrate the feasibility for phase contrast microtomography. 

For this experiment, as well as for the microtomography ( 3.2) we used the commercial desktop microtomography system Skyscan 1072 [5], the setup of which is sketched in Figure 1. For this instrument, which is designed to study relatively large objects with a diameter up to 50 mm, the source size is 8 pm, the distance source-detector is about 50 cm and the effective resolution of the detector is about 80 pm. For this system and this object, the global effective resolution a is estimated to be of the order of 50 to 100 pm [6]. 

Fig. 3. Principal sketch of two-side filling of conical capillary with a hquid...

The exact position of reflectors within the weld volume is calculated by means of the known probe position plus weld geometry and transferred to a true-to-scale representation of the weld (top view and side view). Repeated scanning of the same zone only overwrites the stored indications in cases where they reach a higher echo amplitude. The scanning movement of the probe is recorded in the sketch at the top, however, only if the coupling is adequate and the probe is situated within the permissible rotation angle. 

Figure 6 Sketch of sample from IN718 containing segregation, placed in measurement system.

We now come to a very important topic, namely, the thermodynamic treatment of the variation of surface tension with composition. The treatment is due to Gibbs [35] (see Ref. 49 for an historical sketch) but has been amplified in a more conveniently readable way by Guggenheim and Adam [105]. 

A sketch of Langmuir s film balance is shown in Ref. 7 and a modem version of a film balance, in Fig. IV-5. 

To resume the brief historical sketch, the subject of monolayers developed rapidly during the interwar years, with the names of Langmuir, Adam, Harkins, and Rideal perhaps the most prominent the subject became one of precise and... 

The detailed examination of the behavior of light passing through or reflected by an interface can, in principle, allow the determination of the monolayer thickness, its index of refiraction and absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength. The subjects of ellipsometry, spectroscopy, and x-ray reflection deal with this goal we sketch these techniques here. 

It has long been known that the form of a curved surface of mercury in contact with an electrolyte solution depends on its state of electrification [108, 109], and the earliest comprehensive investigation of the electrocapillary effect was made by Lippmann in 1875 [110]. A sketch of his apparatus is shown in Fig. V-10. 

Using the temperature dependence of 7 from Eq. III-l 1 with n - and the chemical potential difference Afi from Eq. K-2, sketch how you expect a curve like that in Fig. IX-1 to vary with temperature (assume ideal-gas behavior). 

The basic law of friction has been known for some time. Amontons was, in fact, preceded by Leonardo da Vinci, whose notebook illustrates with sketches that the coefficient of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact (see Refs. 2 and 3). It is only relatively recently, however, that the probably correct explanation has become generally accepted. 

In a series of tests a car is brought to a certain speed, then braked by applying a certain force F on the brake pedal, and the deceleration a is measured. The pavement is dry concrete, and force Fq is just sufficient to cause skidding. Sketch roughly how you think the plot of a versus F should look, up to F values well beyond Fq. 

In Section XVII-16C there is mention of S-shaped isotherms being obtained. That is, as pressure increased, the amount adsorbed increased, then decreased, then increased again. If this is equilibrium behavior, explain whether a violation of the second law of thermodynamics is implied. A sketch of such an isotherm is shown for nitrogen adsorbed on a microporous carbon (see Ref. 226). 

Hydrogen atoms chemisorbed on a metal surface may be bonded to just one metal atom or may be bonded to two atoms in a symmetrical bridge. In each case, there are three normal modes. Sketch what these are, and indicate any degeneracies (assume the metal atoms to be infinitely heavy). 

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle offers a rigorous treatment of the qualitative picture sketched above. If several measurements of andfi are made for a system in a particular quantum state, then quantitative uncertainties are provided by standard deviations in tlie corresponding measurements. Denoting these as and a, respectively, it can be shown that... 

Figure A2.2.5 shows a sketch off(r) for Leimard-Jones pair potential. Now if AA is the excess Flelmholtz free energy relative to its ideal gas value, then (-pi4) = and AU/N= [5(pA /5V)/(5p)]. Then,...

Figure A2.2.5. Sketch off(r) for the Leimard-Jones pair potential u r) = 4E[(a/r) - (a/r) ] full curve -(Be =...

The fiinction N (T) is sketched in fignre A2.2.7. At zero temperature all the Bose particles occupy the ground state. This phenomenon is called the Bose-Einstein condensation and is the temperature at which the transition to the condensation occurs. 

Few if any binary mixtures are exactly syimnetrical around v = 1/2, and phase diagrams like that sketched in figure A2.5.5(c) are typicd. In particular one can write for mixtures of molecules of different size (different molar volumes and F°g) the approxunate equation... 

Examples that use Raman spectroscopy in the quantitative analysis of materials are enonnous. Technology that takes Raman based techniques outside the basic research laboratory has made these spectroscopies also available to industry and engineering. It is not possible here to recite even a small portion of applications. Instead we simply sketch one specific example. 

Figure B3.2.4. A schematic illustration of an energy-independent augmented plane wave basis fimction used in the LAPW method. The black sine fimction represents the plane wave, the localized oscillations represent the augmentation of the fimction inside the atomic spheres used for the solution of the Sclirodinger equation. The nuclei are represented by filled black circles. In the lower part of the picture, the crystal potential is sketched.

Figure B3.6.3. Sketch of the coarse-grained description of a binary blend in contact with a wall, (a) Composition profile at the wall, (b) Effective interaction g(l) between the interface and the wall. The different potentials correspond to complete wettmg, a first-order wetting transition and the non-wet state (from above to below). In case of a second-order transition there is no double-well structure close to the transition, but g(l) exhibits a single minimum which moves to larger distances as the wetting transition temperature is approached from below, (c) Temperature dependence of the thickness / of the enriclnnent layer at the wall. The jump of the layer thickness indicates a first-order wetting transition. In the case of a conthuious transition the layer thickness would diverge continuously upon approaching from below.

Figure C2.1.4. Potential energy as a function of the rotation about the central C-C bond in butane. The sketches show the projection of the molecule along the central C-C bond.

Altliough in figure C2.2.2 they are sketched witli rodlike molecules, botli nematic and chiral nematic phases can also be fonned by discotic molecules. 

The idealized reverse micelle sketched in figure C2.3.1 is an aggregate of a double-tail surfactant. In such systems the solvent is more compatible with the lyophobic part of the surfactant than with the headgroup. This preference... 

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