Perspective sketching concepts

In this essay, I argue for a new perspective on units of evolutionary transition. I analyze the process of reproduction, which leads to a conception of units of evolution as reproducers. These units resolve to more familiar ideas of replicators or interactors at levels of spatial organization when explicit spatial and functional models are imposed on abstract reproducers. I also sketch a heuristically promising program of reductionistic research that flows from the new perspective. 

It is also appropriate at this stage to recognize that the way we represent or draw molecules for display and discussion is important for communication of concepts. Technology has provided a number of ways in which molecules can be illustrated (Figure 3.4). For everyday use and discussion between chemists, it is most likely that the simple basic drawing will be used, as it can be hand or computer sketched rapidly. Views with perspective, or else ball and stick models, tend to be met in formal presentations, as will be the case in this book. 

The steps in developing a two-point perspective are simple. Study the steps in Figure 5-23 to understand how to sketch a two-point perspective. Remember, objects or parts of an object such as holes, pins, slots, and braces (called features) will appear to be shorter and closer together the closer they get to vanishing points. Look at Figure 5-18 again to observe this perspective concept. 

This chapter gives an introduction into colloidal interactions, including the depletion force in a historical context, and provides examples of the manifestations of depletion effects. First, we start with a brief overview on colloidal interactions in Sect. 1.2 including the basic concept of the depletion interaction. We sketch the effects of unbalanced forces, amongst which depletion forces in colloidal dispersions from a historical perspective in Sect. 1.3. Finally, we discuss some consequences of depletion forces in Sect. 1.4, followed by a brief Outline of the other Chapters of this book in Sect. 1.5. 

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