Similarity in function

CH2—CI2—) —(—CF2— CFH—) (39). Ceramic crystals have a higher piezoelectric efficiency. Their high acoustic impedance compared to body tissues necessitates impedance matching layers between the piezoelectric and the tissue. These layers are similar in function to the antireflective coatings on a lens. Polymer piezoelectric materials possess a more favorable impedance relative to body tissues but have poorer performance characteristics. Newer transducer materials are piezoelectric composites containing ceramic crystals embedded in a polymer matrix (see Composite materials, polymer-MATRIX Piezoelectrics). 

Magnetic motor starters are similar in function to manual starters except that thev are solenoid-operated, Thev are available up to 3730 kW (5()()0 hp). One of the main advantages is the convenience of electrical operation. Start-stop push buttons can be located anywhere, lien automatic or remote operation is needed, magnetic starters are essential. 

In Step 8, accessed frozen agent is hydrolyzed with hot caustic (when processing GB and VX) or hot water (when processing HD), and agent-contaminated metal parts from the cryofracturing step are washed in one of two PRHs. The PRHs are smaller but similar in function and construction to the two ERHs (see Table 5-1). The liquid flow in the PRH is countercurrent to the flow of solids. The PRHs are externally steam heated to maintain the temperature at the desired level. 

A class of iron-sulfur proteins lacking acid-labile sulfur, but similar in function to the ferredoxins. The iron center is coordinated by four sulfur-containing hgands, usually from cysteinyl residues. Where known, these proteins function as electron carriers. 

Tests of the validity of this conclusion require further investigations of enzyme specificity by use of specially designed substrate analogs. It would be very interesting to test whether there exist, for other naturally occurring uridine 5 -(glycopyranosyl pyrophosphates), structural sites of types (a) and (h) that are similar in function. 

Be similar in functional group type to the component(s) of interest, or if such a compound is not readily available, an appropriate hydrocarbon should be substituted. 

Cis elements involved in transcription in yeast (a) and in vertebrates (b). Upstream activator sequences (UAS) in yeast are similar in function to upstream enhancers in vertebrates. Yeast has no parallel to downstream enhancers found in vertebrates. 

Master pattern A flawless pattern similar in function to a master cast. The pattern preserves the detail of the mold, as well as the detail of the specimen. There is one master pattern for each side of a mold. 

When ATP releases inorganic phosphate and reverts to ADP, a quantity of energy equivalent to 31 kJ of energy per mole of ATP is released that can be utilized metabolically. A pair of species that are similar in function to ATP and ADP are guanine triphosphate (GTP) and guanine diphosphate (GDP). 

Inverters are required to make the PV cell generators compatible with the installed base of electrical consumers, because cells produce direct current and the power distribution grid uses alternating current. A simple electronic inverter is similar in function to the converters used in variable-speed drives to drive the load. One of the many inverters on the market is SMA Technolo-gie s "Sunny Boy," which has been used in nearly one million installations and is available in sizes from 400 Wp up to mWp capacities. 

There is no experimental animal species that is identical to humans in structure or metabolism. However, there are obvious similarities in function between humans and some animal species. Even with fellow primates, it is not always possible to obtain straightforward extrapolations to humans. Interpretation of animal test results in the assessment of possible human health hazards remains a matter of skilled judgment.7... 

Equation (4) Is similar in functional form to equation (1) which was obtained from the steady state experiments. If the steady state data are correlated with equation (3) the result is ... 

In fact, bacteria do not have mitochondria, but some types do have membranous intrusions into the cytoplasm called mesosomes. These are similar in function to the inner membrane of mitochondria (Chap. 14). The reason mitochondria are distinct from other membranous structures in higher cells is posssibly due to their evolutionary origin as intracellular symbionts and to the fact that the spatial separation of functions leads to more advantageous (in terms of natural selection) control of the various metabolic processes. 

Photosystem I forms the second light-absorbing component in the Z scheme for green plants and algae and like PS II, the structure of the protein complexes has been determined by X ray crystallography.34,49 51 PS I is similar in function to that of the purple bacterial photosystem in that the oxidation potential generated is modest (P700VP700 at +0.5V), however, the primary function of this photosystem is to... 

The final two questions raised are the extent to which the active site itself controls the function of CCP, CAT, and MMB. Specifically, we have asked To what extent can similarities in function between CAT and CCP be understood in light of their different active sites Finally, we have asked To what extent can differences in the function of MMB and CCP be understood in terms of their active site characteristics alone Knowledge of the extent to which the active site can account for function should help to understand the relative importance of the protein environment around the heme in determining the function of each protein. 

In addition to the neuronal cell types responsible for visual signal transmission the retina has several types of supporting cells, similar in function to the RPE cells supporting the photoreceptor outer segments. The most important of these are the Mueller cells, whose principal role appears to be to buffer and balance electrolyte concentrations in the extracellular space, in response to the activity of the retinal neurons, especially photoreceptors. 

The Control Program for Microcomputer (CP/M) is an operating system you may never have heard of because it is not in use on modern PCs. Gary Kildall wrote this OS in 1973, using his PL/M programming language. It initially ran on the Intel 8008. It was later ported to the 8080 chip and was, in many ways, very similar in function to DOS. As a matter of fact, it looks quite similar to DOS, as you can see in Figure 11.1. 

B. This OS was written in 1973 by Gary Kildall, using Kildall s PL/M programming language, and it initially ran on the Intel 8008. It was later ported to the 8080 chip and was in many ways very similar in function to DOS. 

Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzy capable ot sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcar-bamylase and its regulators (Section 10.1). Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all 20 amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes. 

The improved MSAs can then help in deciding the function of the target sequence. High similarity in sequences usually implies similar function however, this is not always the case. There are important exceptions when, for example, the target sequence may lack some key functional residues. The MSA can help to detect these cases. At present, there are no general rules to assessing when structural similarity implies a similarity in function, but certain key insights (e.g., conservation of active site residues or unusual structural features unlikely to arise by chance) can provide support [57,58],... 

In keeping with the similarity In function of importins and exportins, the two types of transport proteins are highly homologous In sequence and structure. The entire family Is called the Importin p family, or karyopherins. There are 14 karyopherins In yeast and more than 20 In mammalian cells. The NESs or NLSs to which they bind have been determined for only a fraction of them. Remarkably, some Individual karyopherins function as both an Importin and an exportin. 

Vs we have seen in Section 7.8, blood is the medium for exchange of both nutrients and waste products. The membranes of the kidneys remove waste materials such as urea and uric acid (Chapter 22) and excess salts and large quantities of water. This process of waste removal is termed dialysis, a process similar in function to osmosis (Section 7.6). Semipermeable membranes in the kidneys, dialyzing membranes, allow small molecules (principally water and urea) and ions in solution to pass through and ultimately collect in the bladder. From there they can be eliminated from the body. 

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