Sigma Chemical

Anhydrous triphenyl phosphine is purchased from Sigma Chemical Company, and is used without further purification. 

FIGURE 1.20 Rep roduction of a metabolic map. (Courtesy ofD. E. Nicholson, University of Leeds anel Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO.)... 

Reagents. Perylene was obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Missouri). All other PAHs were supplied by Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) and were reported to contain less that 3% impurities. All PAHs were used without further purification. Isopropyl ether (99%) for extraction work was also purchased from Aldrich. Hydroquinone, a fluorescent stabilizer present in the ether, was removed prior to solution preparation by rotary evaporation. Fluorometric-grade 1-butanol was supplied by Fisher Scientific Company (Fair Lawn, New Jersey). All solutions for extractions of PAHs were prepared by evaporating portions of a stock cyclohexane solution and diluting to the appropriate volume with isopropyl ether. Fluorescence measurements were performed on 1 10 dilutions of the stock and final organic phase solutions. The effect of dissolved CDx on the fluorescence intensity of the organic phase PAH was minimized by dilution with isopropyl ether. 

Chromatorapf c methods For gel filtration of polysaccharide fraction PI, a Sephacryl S-300 chromatographyc column (1,1 X 46,7 cm) was calibrated with standard dextrans (molecular mass range 266, 72, 40, and 17 KDa Sigma Chemicals), and the void volume determined with blue dextran. Polysaccharide sample (0.5 mL 2 mg/mL) was applied and eluted with 50 mM NaOH, fractions 1 mL being collected and carbohydrate absorbance (phenol-H2S04) being monitored. 

Acetic anhydride, ACS Reagent Grade, Sigma Chemical (product No. A6404) or Aldrich (product No. 11,004-3)... 

Carolina in 1981. Each sample (1.4 ml of methanolic sample) was placed into a 3-cm petri dish and the solvent evaporated under a laminar flow hood at room temperature. Seventy seeds (0.035 g) were then placed into the petri dishes and 1.4 ml of sterilized (0.2 pm-filter) 15 mM Mes [2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid Sigma Chemical Co.] buffer adjusted to pH 5.5 was added. The dishes were kept in the dark at 25°C2for 84 hr, exposed to 12-hr fluorescent light (250 p einsteins/m /sec), and then placed back in the dark for an additional 4 days (17). Percent germination, root and hypocotyl lengths were then determined. 

The following chemicals were obtained commercially (Sigma Chemical Co.) and bioassayed with C. album and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (seeds collected in North Carolina in 1980) following identification DL-3-hydroxybutyric acid (DL-3-hydroxy-butyric acid as a Na salt) and L-3-phenyllactic acid (L-2-hydroxy-3-phenyl-propanoic acid). 

Bioassay for Toxicity of Inhibitory Compound(s). Since the identity of the inhibitory compound was determined to be ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid), ferulic acid obtained from Sigma Chemical Company was used in germination bioassays. 

Materials. Microspherical PGG glucan (Adjuvax, Alpha-Beta Technology, Worcester, MA) was prepared from Saccharomyces cereviseae strain R4 cells (11). Zymosan, cytochrome c (cyt c), bovine serum albumin (BSA), yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), Complete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA) and Incomplete Freunds Adjuvant (IFA) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). 

Palladium (II) chloride and ferric (III) chloride were purchased from Sigma Chemicals Co. Cerium(III) nitrate from Pfaltz Bauer, Inc. y-Al203 (100 m2/g) from Alfa Chemicals ethanol (HPLC grade) and nitrobenzene (Certified ACS) from Fisher Scientific. Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride was generously donated by Dr. Ivan J.B. Lin (National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan). All compounds were used without further treatment. Carbon monoxide (99.0%) was obtained from Praxair. 

Phytic acid solutions were prepared by titrating sodium phytate (Sigma Chemical Company) with HCl the concentration was determined by analyzing for inorganic phosphate after wet ashing with HoSOu-HNOo (3 2) for 45 minutes. The concentration of CaCl stock solutions was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. 

The fiber fraction was washed several times with water, ratio 1 5, the washings being added to the starch fraction (Figure 2). Final traces of starch were removed from the fiber by incubation with 2% alpha-amylase (Sigma Chemical Co., type V-A from hog pancreas) for 16 hr at 37°C, and washing several times with distilled water before freeze-drying. 

EPA Environmental Protection Agency SIGMA Sigma Chemicals, Plant Culture Cell , Seawater synthetic basal salt mixture ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials Apha American Public Health Association. 

Estradiol (E2), ethynyl estradiol (EE) and synthetic estrogens such as diethyl stilbestrol (DES) were from the Sigma Chemical Company, Poole, Dorset, UK. Stocks were prepared in ethanol at 1 mM concentration and stored in glass vials at — 20°C. 

Metabolic Pathways Chart, Product No. M3907, Sigma Chemical Company St Louis, MO. 

Lead tetraacetate was purchased from the Sigma Chemical Company. This reagent is highly toxic and should be handled in a well-ventilated hood with gloves. 

Dequalinium salts can be purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. Analogues of dequalinium, however, are not commercially available they can be synthesized according to protocols by Galanakis et al. (44 6). In a structure-activity relationship study (38), we found that the methyl group in ortho position to the quaternary nitrogen at the quinolinium ring system seems to play an essential role in the... 

AAm monomer was purchased from Junsei Chemical Co., Japan. DMAEMA monomer, ammonium persulfate (APS), and tetramethylethyl-diamine (TEMED) were purchased from Aldrich. Bovine insulin, N,N-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and glucose oxidase (GOD) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. DMAEMA monomer was distilled before use. Other reagents were used as received. 

All chemicals were used as received. PDADMAC and PAMPS were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI). Diclofenac sodium, sodium sulfathiazole, labetalol HCl, propranolol HCl, verapamil HCl, and diltiazem HCl were purchased from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO). Dextrose USP was obtained from Amend Co. (Irvinton, NJ). Water was distilled and deionized using a Nanopure purihcation system (Fischer Scientihc, Fair Lawn, NJ). Simulated intestinal fluid was prepared using a O.OIM phosphate buffer (sodium phosphate monobasic and potassium phosphate dibasic) at pH 7 and 5.5 with different amounts of NaCl to vary the ionic strength. Simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.5) was prepared with concentrated HCl with different amounts of NaCl to vary the ionic strength. 

Bacterial LPS used in this study were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO., and were as follows Escherichia coli serotypes 0.26 B6 0127 B8 (prepared both by the phenolic and the TCA procedures) 0127 BB (by the butanol procedure) Serratia marcescens. and Shigella f1exneri. The LPS were solubilized in water and used as antigenic materials. 

The instrument used in the turbidity measurement was Hatch Model 2100 A Turbidimeter. A Hotech Shaker Bath, Model 901 (Hotech Instruments Corp.) was used in mixing the oil and surfactant solution. The nonionic surfactants, Newcol 1102, 1103 and 1105 were produced by Sino-Japan Chemical Co., Ltd. The active ingredient is dodecanol ethoxylate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, No. L. 5750, Sigma Chemical Co. 95% active, containing 65% Cj 2>... 

Assays. The turbidity of E. coli extracts and alfalfa extracts was quantitated spectrophotometrically at 600 nm and 680nm respectively. GUS activity was assayed as outlined by Novel and Novel (75), except that activity was monitored at 400 nm (6° = 9.6 X 10 ). Peroxidase activity was determined at 37°C with o-tolidine using a final concentration of 0.67 mM o-tolidine-HCl (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) and 1 mM H2O2 in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.1. The change in absorbance was... 

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