Short-term horizon

Some of the production decisions of the aggregated scheduling problem are provided to the detailed scheduler. These decisions have to be taken before any observation of the outcome of the uncertain parameters is available. Thus, they correspond to the first-stage decisions of the two-stage stochastic problem. Consequently, the vector of first-stage decisions x consists of all production decisions of the short-term horizon N >rp and Zy, for i e 1,..., If. ... 

As at the start of 2003, no moves have be made to reinstate the Jumbo contract and presently the only way to effectively hedge ones exposure to the Pfandbrief market is via the swaps market, although many still favour the peripheral government bond route, particularly for trades conducted on a short-term horizon. 

A variety of data sources are available to inform interactive programs, including prospective data sets, retrospective databases, expert opinion, and unpub-lished/published literature. Time horizon, that is, the length of time into the future considered in the analysis over which costs and outcomes are projected, is very important here [26]. For example, if a clinical trial or the published literature only report short-term results for a chronic condition, the outcomes may come into question. This is where decision-analytic models may come... 

The decisions of the core problem may interact with each other over an infinite horizon. The number of polymerization reactors is the long-term bottleneck of the production process, whereas the capacity of the safety ventilation system imposes only short-term constraints. The run-away phase (four hours) of a polymerization... 

The short-term planning process is dealt with in the Production Planning and Detailed Scheduling module within SAP APO. PP/DS considers a horizon of two to three months. In contrast to SNP planning, there is no cross-location planning in PP/DS. 

References Bell, Michelle L., Aidan McDermott, Scott L. Zeger, Jonathan M. Samet, Francesca Dominici, et ah, Ozone and Short-Term Mortality in 95 U.S. Urban Communities, 1987—2000, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 292, No. 19, November 17, 2004, pp. 2372—2378 Polakovic, Gary, Smog Woes Back on Horizon, Los Angeles Times, July 15, 2003, p. Al. 

The band of buff-colored, translucent pallisade calcite from 11 mm to 32 mm. Zone C, is relatively event-free, with only a few minor dissolution horizons or detrital drapes (not visible with the naked eye) representing short-term local flood events but not longterm glacial advance flooding. The isotopes show parallel oscillations and are somewhat more enriched than the upper zones of the sample. The oxygen isotopic values lie close to those of modern calcite in the cave, suggesting a moderately cool, wet climate similar to that of today. The oscillations in the carbon isotopic values follow the simple pattern of... 

Efficient distribution implies good asset utilization. The primary assets in this problem are vehicles and drivers. Minimization of the number of drivers and of the total cost of the routes are frequently used objectives. Efficiency needs to be achieved while level of service is maintained that is, service is provided to all customers in such a way as to satisfy aU time-window constraints. This problem has a very short-term planning horizon. Since customer stops may differ from day to day and all the stops are known only a few hours before the actual pickup-and-delivery operation, the problem needs to be solved a few hours before implementation. 

The objective in the VRPTW is to minimize the number of drivers and/or minimize the tottil cost of the routes while satisfying aU constraints. Cost is a function of total distance and on-road time. The output is a set of routes, each of which specifies a sequence of customers and starts and ends at the depot. Because of the short-term planning horizon, the drivers need to be notified for work before the problem is solved. In many cases, therefore, the number of drivers may be estimated and assumed given the objective then becomes to minimize total cost. 

Existing exact algorithms for the VRPTW have been reported to solve problems with up to 100 stops. However, the problems encountered in parcel dehvery are often substantially larger than this. Moreover, these problems need to be solved quickly because of the short-term planning horizon. For these reasons, much of the work in this area has focused on the development of heuristic algorithms— algorithms that attempt to find good solutions instead of optimal solutions. 

Plan considers the existence of strategic, tactical, and operational thinking, covering long-range, medium-range, and short-term time horizons, respectively. The success of all aspects of a comprehensive continuous performance improvement system depends heavily on a sound, results-driven plan. 

In addition, the decision-planning horizon affects the detail of the data required. For strategic planning, it often makes sense to aggregate yearly data, while for short-term planning it may be best to utilize recent raw daily or weekly data. The accuracy of the solution depends on the input data, and therefore the quality of the input data will determine to some extent the tools needed for the analysis. 

However, when holding linkers in a performance-based portfolio, rather than as a passively matched investment, short-time horizons become paramount. Real yields on inflation-linked bonds do change, creating short-term volatility in their real and nominal returns. 

Focusing on the term structure of the optimal portfolios, the portion of longer maturities increases when risk aversion is reduced. The aggressive investor with a 10-year horizon, for example, invests the whole capital in 10-year+ maturities, the averse one only 78% (rows 9 and 10, column 9). According to investment horizon, the 3-year risk averse portfolios consist of 52% short-term maturities in the 1-3-year area (row 3, column 6). The aggressive style, on the other hand, allocates only 26% to this maturity bucket (row 4, column 6). 

The right time horizon. The number one issue for most companies in setting up an S OP process is determining the right time horizon. It should not be confused as a short-term process. It is not a process of days or weeks. Instead, the S OP process is a form of tactical planning. It balances the needs of demand and... 

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