Retrospective databases

A variety of data sources are available to inform interactive programs, including prospective data sets, retrospective databases, expert opinion, and unpub-lished/published literature. Time horizon, that is, the length of time into the future considered in the analysis over which costs and outcomes are projected, is very important here [26]. For example, if a clinical trial or the published literature only report short-term results for a chronic condition, the outcomes may come into question. This is where decision-analytic models may come... 

Naturalistic, retrospective database studies, which have set out specifically to investigate pharmacoeconomic outcomes, have included analyses of ... 

Edgell ET, Hylan TR (1997). Economic outcomes associated with initial treatment choice in depression a retrospective database analysis. Am J Managed Care 5, S51. 

Retrospective database searching has no influence on the treatment of the patient and is thus free from any inducements to change treatment for the purposes of the study. 

Linnarsson R. Drug interactions in primary health care. A retrospective database study and its implications for the design of a computerised decision support system. Scand J Primary Health Care 1993 11 181-6. 

Caro JJ, Ward A, Levinton C, Robinson K. The risk of diabetes during olanzapine use compared with risperidone use a retrospective database analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2002 63(12) 1135-9. 

In a retrospective database analysis 25 cases of torsade de pointes associated with ciprofloxacin (n = 2), ofloxacin (n = 2), levofloxacin (n = 13), and gatifloxacin (n = 8) were identified in the USA (28). Ciprofloxacin was associated with a significantly lower rate of torsade de pointes (0.3 cases/10 million prescriptions) than levofloxacin (5.4/10 million) or gatifloxacin (27/10 million). When the analysis was limited to the first 16 months after initial approval of the drug, the rates for levofloxacin (16/10 million) and gatifloxacin (27/10 million) were similar. 

Resource items can be identified and measured using several different techniques, each having both positive and negative attributes. These techniques include (but are not limited to) direct measurement in clinical trials, " direct measurement in activity-based costing exercises, retrospective database assessment, and physician/healthcare professional... 

In a retrospective database review of 1030 adults, 1.6% received pre-hospital ketamine for induction of anesthesia and the rest for sedation (dose 0.5-1.0 mg/kg) [28 ]. In no case was an airway manoeuvre required and no patient required intubation. About... 

Parenteral nutrition was a susceptibility factor for central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections in 109 patients who received chemotherapy after surgery for colorectal cancer for a total of 5558 catheter-days in a retrospective database evaluation (OR = 13 95% Cl = 2.5, 62). 

Derwent Information Ltd. Derwent Information Ltd., previously known as Derwent PubHcations Ltd., changed its name in the 1990s to reflect more accurately the fact that its products go far beyond traditional pubHcations. Derwent provides a wide spectmm of information products and services, many of them relating to patents. Derwent also produces important databases (qv) of nonpatent information from the pharmaceutical and agncultural chemical Hterature. These products and services encompass alerting tools for current awareness, systems for retrospective search and retneval, and means for document deHvery and archiving. 

Arnold R, Kotsanos J. Proceedings of the Advisory Panel Meeting and Conference on Pharmacoeconomic Issues Panel 3 Methodological issues in conducting pharmacoeconomic evaluations-retrospective and claims database studies. Value Health 1999 2 82-7. 

Albright PS, Livingstone S, Keegan DL (1996). Reduction of healthcare resource utilisation and costs following the use of risperidone for patients with schizophrenia previously treated with standard antipsychotic therapy a retrospective analysis using the Saskatchewan Health Linkable Databases. Clin Drug Invest 11,289-99. 

All data must, of course, be searchable, retrievable, and subject to acceptance or rejection based on both automated and retrospective QC analysis. Reports must be flexible in content yet easily assembled, intuitively understandable, and easily shared with appropriate security and yes, it would be nice if the reports themselves could become, like the assay protocols, version controlled, searchable documents residing in an appropriately indexed relational database. These are just the basic requirements. 

The ISI web of science at http //www.isinet.com is a multidisciplinary database that provides web access to current and retrospective journal literature. It includes three citation databases Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts and Humanities Citation Index. The ISI Science Citation Index (SCI ) provides access to current and retrospective bibliographic information, author abstracts, and cited references found in 3500 science and technical journals covering more than 150 disciplines. The Science Citation Index Expanded format available through the ISI Web of Science and the online version, SciSearch, cover more than 5700 journals. 

The ISI web of science at http //www.isinet.com/ is a multidisciplinary database that provides web access to current and retrospective journal literature. Thomson Scientific produces ISI Web of Knowledge , a tool to access, analyze,... 

The fact that the great majority of the data needed for a retrospective study are already present in the database demands an entirely new conceptual approach. The situation can be compared to that of a sculptor faced by a massive block of stone from which he plans to carve a much smaller but absolutely precise statue. The sculptor has to cut away all the unwanted stone... 

In the case of retrospective studies, the data items that have been entered into the database are, essentially, the data that are available. If data items are missing, then for all practical purposes they are not available for the study. It is possible to go back to the physician in the hope that other records or memory may be of help, but after months or years this could be a costly and unprofitable procedure. 

Lindquist M, Stahl M, Bate A, et al. A retrospective evaluation of data mining approach to aid finding new adverse drug reaction signals in the WHO international database. Drug Safety 2000 23 533 2. 

Donohue et al. (2004) examined treatment patterns of 30,521 depressed individuals whose 1997-2000 insurance claims were included in a large retrospective medical claims database. Two issues were addressed. What are the impacts of DTCA and pharmaceutical promotion to physicians on the likelihood that (1) an individual diagnosed with depression received antidepressant medication, and (2) conditional on receiving antidepressant therapy, the antidepressant medication was used for the appropriate duration. 

HIV involvement. The prevalence, predictors, and patterns of cannabis use—specifically medicinal cannabis use among patients with HIV—were examined. Any cannabis use in the year prior to interview and self-defined medicinal use were evaluated. A cross-sectional multicenter survey and retrospective chart review were conducted to evaluate overall drug utilization in HIV, including cannabis use. HIV-positive adults were identified through the HIV Ontario Observational Database 104 consenting patients were interviewed. Forty-three percent of the patients reported cannabis use, whereas 29% reported medicinal use. Reasons for use were similar by gender although... 

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