Shipping traffic

December 13, 1991, a benzoic acid tairk exploded causing six deaths and three injuries at the Dutch chemical firm DSM s chemical complex in Rotterdam Harbor. Shipping traffic was halted for an hour in the world s busiest port while the fire was controlled. 

Ten Hallers-Tjabbes, C.C., Kemp, J.F., Boon, J.P. (1994). Imposex in whelks Buccinum undatum) from the open North Sea Relation to shipping traffic intensities. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28, 311-313. 

Thi Nai, Binh Dinh Green mussel, urban, shipping traffic, aquaculture 1997 54 (pooled as 1 sample) 1.1... 

SDI Silt density index tests should be conducted on a daily basis following start up, but once the system has reached equilibrium, weekly readings can be taken. Note that if the make-up water is a surface source, SDI may need to be taken daily to catch changes due to weather conditions (e.g., heavy rains), ship traffic, and so forth. 

Martinique is not geared up for mass tourism cruise-ship traffic is not heavy, and there aren t many big resort hotels for an isle of this stature. So it s conducive to independent travel, with a couple of caveats, which bear repeating Driving around the southern half... 

In many cases, current meters that are located on the sea floor and use acoustic methods (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, ADCP) present an alternative to measuring buoys in water of depth up to 40 m. They do not require a mooring that is susceptible to wear and tear, and they are less imperiled by ship traffic. The data transmission to the shore, however, provides more technical difficulties. 

Marine pollution by oil spills or harmful chemicals is still one of the major environmental problems to be faced. Besides the accidental releases of pollutants the main source is assumed from the controlled release by ship traffic and oil production platforms. Since accidents or violations of regulations can never be completely excluded, precautions and instruments are needed to detect and combat maritime pollutions and a crucial element of this framework is airborne surveillance. Like no other system, airborne pollution control is capable a) to detect possible oil spills by radar sensors,... 

Solberg AH, Storvik G, Solberg R, and Volden E (1999) Automatic detection of oil spills in ERS SAR images. IEEE Trans Geosci Rem Sens 37 1916-1924 Wahl T, Eldhuset K, Skoelv A (1993) Ship traffic monitoring using the ERS-1 SAR. Proc. First ERS-1 Symposium, Cannes, France, 4-6 November 1992, ESA SP-359, 823-828... 

Besides the pressures mentioned in Table 3.2.2, aspects that cannot be steered directly (like climate change) and drivers (like shipping traffic, maintenance of flood control dams, fishery, etc. see Policy Summary on Pressures and Impact Analysis (2002) also influence the ecological quality of water bodies. These aspects have been considered indirectly in die pressures corresponding to the Driver, Pressure, State, Impact and Response (DPSIR) framework mentioned in the WFD CIS Guidance document on analysis of pressures and impacts (WFD, 2002). 

Disturbance of the natural surface microlayer by chronic or adventitious spills of petroleum has become an unfortunately common occurrence in the last 30 years. In areas with heavy ship traffic, as much as 85% of the surface organic matter may be petroleum hydrocarbons (Morris, 1974). Both crude and refined oils have been repeatedly spilled in large accidents. Crude petroleum is a bewilderingly complex mixture of hydrocarbons, phenols, carboxylic acids, nitrogen and sulfur heterocycles, and other constituents. During the refining process, some classes of compounds may be almost entirely removed, but others may be produced in addition, additives such as antioxidants may be introduced. 

Aircraft and Ship Traffic. Shabad (46) reports that a jet airplane emits 1-10 mg BaP per minute. No other studies were available, but a recent report from Sweden shows a decreasing amount of "fall out" PAH at increasing distance from the runway (47). No data are available with respect to sea traffic. 

We are interested only in the active phase of ship operation, when it is in the shipping traffic. We shall exclude from the model the periods of stays in ship repair yards or in other places coimected with renewals of the ship equipment. 

A hindcast study has shown that the occurrence of significant seiche episodes in Rotterdam Harbor can be accurately predicted on the basis of the prediction of the occurrence of meteorological conditions conducive to the formation of mesoscale atmospheric convection cells behind a cold front. This is presently realized using output of air temperatures and moisture content from numerical atmospheric models that are used in operational weather forecasting. The outcomes of this prediction method are used by the port authorities for ship traffic control and, after further development and testing, can eventually be incorporated into the closure-management system of the storm surge barrier in Rotterdam Waterway. 

Mazaheri, A., Kotilainen, P., Sormunen, O., Montewka, J. Kujala, P. 2013a Correlation Between The Ship Grounding Accident And The Ship Traffic— A Case Study Based On The Statistics Of The Gulf Of Finland. International Journal of Marine Navigation and Safety Of Sea Transportation, 7, 119-124. 

Akhtar, J., Bjomskau, T. Jean-Hansen, Y, 2012. Oil spill risk analysis of routeing heavy ship traffic in Norwegian waters. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 11, pp. 233-247. 

Rasmussen, F.M. et al., 2012. Quantitative assessment of risk to ship traffic in the Fehmambelt Fixed Link project. Journal of Polish Sccfety and Reliability Association, 3(1-2), pp. 1-12. 

The method presented in this paper applies experts judgment and micro-level ship traffic data... 

In this chapter, the methodological framework is provided for the developed model, which detects and ranks the complexity of ship-ship encounters. First, the available micro-level ship traffic data, as obtained from the Automatic Identification System (AIS), is outlined. Subsequently, the process and outcome of an expert elicitation related to the development of a quantitative Risk Indicator (I). The latter is a measure of risk in the sea area, based on detection of vessels encounters and their complexity. Then, the mathematical formulation of the indicator is presented, both in regards to the model structure and model parameters. Finally, the obtained results need to be clustered to arrive at qualitative Risk Indicator. Thus, the purpose and rationale of the applied clustering technique is outlined. 

Micro-level ship traffic data Automatic... 

The method applies experts judgment together with micro-level ship traffic data obtained from the Automatic Identification System corresponding to the Northern Baltic Sea and summer season (Many, July 2011). 

The European road network has a vital importance for the European economy. Even smaller disruptions due to traffic restrictions or failure of some elements of the network may result in high consequences, Imam Chryssanthopoulos (2012). Due to the interdependence of the road transport network with rail, air and shipping traffic, a failure of important connections may yield a domino effect, Andersen et al. (2013). 

Estimate volume and type of ship traffic and largest ships to be accommodated. 

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