Road network

Road networks (early, late). In the early network option, the early corridors are supplied from 2015 on, and the full highway network is supplied from 2020 on. In contrast, in the late network scenario, the early corridors are only supplied from 2020, and the full highway network from 2030. 

The Reference scenario ( REF ) is, among others, based on the distributed users scenario for the geographical distribution of hydrogen demand, a fuelling-station strategy tailored to meeting demand only ( FS demand ) and a late road network it is further characterised by high natural gas prices and a stabilisation objective for C02... 

The early road network scenario has a similar effect on the hydrogen infrastructure to the fuelling stations scenario. More fuelling stations will be in place in the early phase. However, in this scenario the fuelling stations will be located on the highways to allow travelling between the user centres. This will surely increase the acceptance of... 

Figure 14.17(a). Early-user centres and early transit road network for hydrogen in the ten HyWays countries (HyWays, 2007). 

The resulting early transit road network focuses on connecting early-user centres within the HyWays countries, but also on international links. Furthermore, the motorways around early-user centres with high population densities should be equipped with hydrogen fuelling stations to facilitate daily commuting in these regions. 

Heavy metals concentration generally decreases in urban soils away from the main road network and with increasing depth of sampling. This can be explained by the strong dependence of these contaminants on the use of motor vehicles—leaded fuels for Pb, tire wear for Zn and Cd, brake pads for Sb, converters and exhaust systems for platinum group elements (PGEs). 

Wood 1992). In addition, the ensuing road network and infrastructure left in the wake of these recent activities increased access to primary forest, precipitating further deforestation. By 1996, about 52 million hectares, nearly the size of France, had been deforested in Brazilian Amazonia (INPE 1998). At the average rate of deforestation from 1992 to 1996 (1.9 million hectares per year), another area equivalent to this figure will be added by the year 2025, a time frame within the career of many reading this book. 

Historically, technology clusters (parallel development of railroads and telegraph, road networks, oil pipelines) have been instrumental in raising productivity and also in alleviating many adverse environmental effects. The emergence of a new cluster could hold the promise of an environmentally more compatible technology trajectory. But it will take time. 

The different futures have very different implications for infrastructure, some requiring highly developed hydrogen distribution networks (pipelines, refueling stations), while others can use existing (gas, electricity, road) networks. 

In the base-case scenario, the shares of hydrogen production feedstocks were set according to stakeholder perceptions, and it was assumed that 20 percent of hydrogen must be dispensed in liquid form (LHj) in all countries except Norway (100 percent CGHj). Other scenarios vary with regard to the share of population supplied, when the long-distance road network takes off, market penetration rates over time, unbound feedstock shares, higher bounds for renewables, or whether LHj is required. 

Long-distance road scenarios Long-distance road network ... 

One such cost involves driver knowledge of the area in which he or she is providing service. A driver who is familiar with the road network and traffic conditions in his service area is likely to be more efficient than a driver for whom the delivery area is relatively new. A second, related cost involves the development of business relationships. For many service providers, an important goal is to achieve regularity and personalization of service by having the same driver visit a particular customer every time that customer requires service. 

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