Atmospheric convection

A muffle is an impenetrable ceramic or metal barrier between the firing chamber and the interior of the furnace. It heats the process charge by radiation and furnace atmosphere convection. 

As such, suspended 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine is subject to atmospheric convection, dispersion, gravitational settling, and wash-out by rain. 

Emanuel KA (1994) Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, New York... 

The mechanisms of CH4 transport commonly found in plants are simple molecular diffusion (differential partial pressures between the sediment, plant, and atmosphere), convective throughflow ventilation (via lacunal pressurization), and effusion (partial pressures differences in pore of plant). 

We have already described some evaporation processes and indicated relations between heat and mass transfer. In the atmosphere, the continuous evaporation and condensation of water from the soil, oceans, and lakes influences every form of life and provides many of the day-to-day varieties of climate that govern the environment on earth. These processes are very complicated because in practice they are governed by substantial atmospheric convection currents that are difficult to describe analytically. 

The isotope effects (both kinetic and equilibrium) that deplete deuterium, D, and 0 in evaporated water vapor must enrich these isotopes in the surface seawater left behind. This isotope effect can be seen in longitudinal transects of surface waters in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Fig. 5.12), which indicate a broad maximum of between roughly 30° north and south latitudes. Salinity maxima are evident over the same latitude band, with a slight minimum near the Equator. The parallel maxima in and salinity result because net evaporation from warm surface waters at lower latitudes preferentially leaves behind both H2 0 molecules and salt. Rainfall in excess of evaporation from atmospheric convection cells rising near the Equator is recorded by both a salinity and a minimum. 

Atmospheric or oceanic motions that are predominately vertical and that result in vertical transport and mixing of atmospheric or oceanic properties. Because the most striking meteorological features result if atmospheric convective motion occurs in conjunction with the rising current of air (i.e., updrafts), convection is sometimes used to imply only upward vertical motion, convective adjustment... 

Generation of seiche events by atmospheric convection cells... 

Analysis of measurements and numerical simulations showed that the seiches in Rotterdam Harbor result from resonant amplification of oscillations at sea, which in turn are generated by fluctuations in atmospheric pressure and wind speed following a moving cold front. For the large majority of the seiche events, these fluctuations are caused by atmospheric convection cells that can arise in the area behind a cold front. These cells are a mesoscale atmospheric phenomenon, with typical horizontal spatial scales of 30-100 km. ... 

Fluctuations in atmospheric pressme and wind speed, induced by mesoscale atmospheric convection cells that can arise following a cold front passing southward over the North Sea, generate low-frequency gravity waves in the North Sea. These low-frequency waves can subsequently induce a resonant response in coastal harbor basins, thus causing the so-called seiche events. 

A hindcast study has shown that the occurrence of significant seiche episodes in Rotterdam Harbor can be accurately predicted on the basis of the prediction of the occurrence of meteorological conditions conducive to the formation of mesoscale atmospheric convection cells behind a cold front. This is presently realized using output of air temperatures and moisture content from numerical atmospheric models that are used in operational weather forecasting. The outcomes of this prediction method are used by the port authorities for ship traffic control and, after further development and testing, can eventually be incorporated into the closure-management system of the storm surge barrier in Rotterdam Waterway. 

---