Several types of indicators

The first step in doing international comparisons is to come up with a comprehensive set of macro-indicators that includes all possible main valuable parameters in road safety of human-vehicle-road-environment-regulation instead of considering a few factors such as accident rates per population or per kilometre driven. Selecting a set of macro-performance indicators is a complex issue where the importance of each indicator depends on its type, avaUabUily and quality. Many previous studies and models (discussed in detail in the next section) have presented few indicators on the national level. The reasons can be given briefly here as follows (i) the lack of availability and rehabihty of dat (ii) the need for simpUfication in the study (model) to avoid any possible errors (iii) to reduce the costs of the study. 

I have attempted to identify a set of performance macro-indicators from a literature review, either in how they illustrate road safety level and development in a country or how they offer a significant affect on accident rates. The quantitative relationship between the indicators and risk was discussed in the previous section. The indicators should be selected on the basis of the discussed criteria for selecting macro-performance indicators. Special attention has to be paid to indicators covered by data, which is already available. The chosen categories and indicators will not provide a complete picture of road safety issues in a country, rather they will give summary information on the national performance in the country, which can help in comparing its progress and experience with other countries. 

The full summary list of the possible macro-indicators in each category is shown in Table 3.2. The indicators have been classified into three classes according to their data availability, quality and type. When dealing with data availability, as with quality, it is necessary to have clear description of what is meant by data quality or data availability . For instance, one acceptable indicator is fatalities per vehicle kilometre and it is an important element in road safety, but this measure is still not available in most developing countries. On the other hand, the indicator percentage of motorways per road network has poor quality of data and there is difference of definitions of road standards across countries. In fact, there are several indicators that may play an essential role in the development of RSDI, but unfortunately these indicators are hard to measure for now and they will be kept for further and future development. 

A high avaUabihty of data means that enough data is available to access at all times. Medium means that data is under development (work in progress) and there is a call for data collection in these indicators. A low rating means that data is currently not available and they require further development and collection of data in the future for a large number of countries, especially from developing countries. 

A high quality of data means that data comes from reliable sources without errors and the results are accurate. Acceptable data means that it is fairly reliable and accurate. Poor quality means that we have a data quality problem and the results are questionable and should not be fiilly trusted. Not rated means indicators are not identified for now and there is no indication what the quality could be in future. 

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There are several types of indicator electrodes. The simplest is the electrode of some inert material such as platinum, gold, or glassy carbon. These electrodes are used to measure the oxidation-reduction (redox) potential of the solution. The electrode itself does not participate in the electrode reaction but functions only as an inert electron transferring material. 

Additional citations may be found in the references cited in the journal article. In this way, the background leading to the research can be examined. It is also possible to conduct a search forward in time from the date of the journal article through the Science Citation Index. This publication provides the service of listing articles and the papers in which these articles were cited. Although the Science Citation Index consists of several types of indices, the Citation Index is most useful for the purposes described here. A person who knows of a particular key reference on a subject can examine the Science Citation Index to obtain a list of papers that have used that seminal reference in support of the work described. The Citation Index... 

High Chromium Alloys. Field experience and laboratory data indicate that alloys high in chromium offer the best fuel ash corrosion resistance. The table below shows laboratory corrosion rates for engineering alloys which have been exposed to several types of vanadium-sodium fuel ash melts. 

Table 4.3 gives calculated AHy data for several types of ab initio calculations. The difference between the calculated AH and the experimental value gives an indication of the suitability of the particular method for that type of molecule. 

Several types of flocculents can be added to clear water to promote the settling of drilled solids by flocculation. They are effective in low concentrations. The manufacturer s recommendations usually indicate lbs of flocculent per 100 ft of hole drilled. The typical application is prepared as follows ... 

Marvel et al. described [41] the polymerization of 5,6-dibromocyclohexa-1,3-diene (16) to poly(5,6-dibromo-l,4-cyclohcx-2-ene) 17 followed by a thermally induced, solid state elimination of HBr on the formation of PPP 1. The products, however, display some indications for several types of structural defects (incomplete cyclization, crosslinking). 

As a consequence, it is not possible to devise a single class of anodic inhibitor formulation that satisfies all water treatment requirements. Rather, there several types of formulations, and some formulators may offer each of these products in different strengths, with or without oxygen scavengers and indicator dyes in their blends. As examples, a nitrite/sUicate formulation and a molybdate/nitrite formulation are provided here ... 

GC/MS has been employed by Demeter et al. (1978) to quantitatively detect low-ppb levels of a- and P-endosulfan in human serum, urine, and liver. This technique could not separate a- and P-isomers, and limited sensitivity confined its use to toxicological analysis following exposures to high levels of endosulfan. More recently, Le Bel and Williams (1986) and Williams et al. (1988) employed GC/MS to confirm qualitatively the presence of a-endosulfan in adipose tissue previously analyzed quantitatively by GC/ECD. These studies indicate that GC/MS is not as sensitive as GC/ECD. Mariani et al. (1995) have used GC in conjunction with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry to determine alpha- and beta-endosulfan in plasma and brain samples with limits of detection reported to be 5 ppb in each matrix. Details of commonly used analytical methods for several types of biological media are presented in Table 6-1. 

Silk. Silk, the only natural fiber that comes in filament form, has been and still is one of the most appreciated and valued textile fibers. Silk filaments are secreted by the larvae of several types of silk moths to make their cocoons. Most silk is derived, however, from the larvae of the Bombyx mori moth, which has been widely cultivated in China for over 5000 years. Fragments of silk fabric dated to the late fourth millennium b.c.e. were found at Qianshanyang, in the province of Zhejiang, in China. There are, however, even earlier indications of the use of silk silk remains were found together with an eleventh-century b.c.e. mummy in Egypt, probably also providing evidence of ancient trading routes between the Far and Middle East. 

From the 2nd-D chromatograms in Fig. 7.7b, a contour plot was obtained, as shown in Fig. 7.8. The 2D plots indicate that several types of hydrocarbons and benzene... 

Recently, the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been reported for several types of transporter. Extensive studies have been performed on the SNPs of OATP2 [100, 101], and the SNPs identified in African- and European-Americans are indicated in Fig. 12.3. Moreover, the frequency of SNPs differed among the African-American, European-Americans and Japanese, indicating the presence of an ethnic difference in the allelic mutation of this transporter [100, 101]. In addition, some of the mutations were associated with reduced transporter function and/or abnormalities in membrane targeting [100, 102] (Fig. 12.3). It is... 

For example, c-Fos is heavily phosphorylated on a series of serine residues in the C-terminal domain of the protein by several types of protein kinases. The likely functional importance of these phosphorylation sites is indicated by the fact that the difference between c-Fos (the normal cellular form of the protein) and v-Fos (the viral oncogene product) is a frameshift mutation in the v-Fos protein, which obliterates the phosphorylated serine residues. It is speculated that the loss of these phosphorylation sites removes one mechanism by which the cell can regulate the protein, thereby leading to cellular transformation. 

There are several types of RI detector, all of which monitor the difference between a reference stream of mobile phase and the column effluent. Any solute whose presence alters the refractive index of the pure solvent will be detected, but sensitivity is directly proportional to the difference between the refractive index of the solute and that of the solvent. At best they are two orders of magnitude less sensitive than UV/visible detectors. All RI detectors are highly temperature-sensitive, and some designs incorporate heat exchangers between column and detector to optimize performance. They cannot be used for gradient elution because of the difficulty in matching the refractive indices of reference and sample streams. 

Phase 1 clinical trials of the natural polyphenol quercetin (33) against several types of cancer have shown that this compound is well tolerated when administered at a dose of 70 mg/kg by i.v. bolus [63,64]. Further studies revealed that 33 inhibits GST Pl-1 completely after 2 h at a concentration of 25 pM however, addition of GSH partially restores activity. HPLC and LC-MS studies indicate that 33 inhibits GST Pl-1 through the formation of a covalent yet reversible bond with GST Pl-1 cysteine residue at position 47. 

The IWA (International Water Association), formerly known as the IWQA, has had several task forces working on model development for various types of processes. I believe that these reactor models have a good potential application for remedial treatment. The subject of the models is extremely complex and too involved for this discussion, as it is a Master s Level course in Environmental Engineering. However, let me indicate that there are several types of models which may have some application to the bioremediation field. The principal models are... 

Technetium is the 76th most abundant element, but it is so rare that it is not found as a stable element on Earth. All of it is artificially produced. Even though natural technetium is so scarce that it is considered not to exist on Earth, it has been identified in the tight spectrum from stars. Using a spectroscope that produces unique tines for each element, scientists are able to view several types of stars. The resulting spectrographs indicate that technetium exists in the stars and thus the universe, but not on Earth as a stable element. 

Adjuvant chemotherapy involves the use of antineoplastic drugs when surgery or radiation therapy has eradicated the primary tumor but historical experience with similar patients indicates a high risk of relapse due to micrometastases. Adjuvant chemotherapy should employ drugs that are known to be effective in the treatment of advanced stages of the particular tumor being treated. Adjuvant chemotherapy has played a major role in the cure of several types of childhood cancers as well as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and osteosarcoma in adults. 

Figure 31 BiPbSr2YCusOfi Several types of satellites are observed in different areas of the same crystals ([001]) (a) satellites set up along a direction roughly parallel to [120] (q-6.25) (b) bidimens-ional system of satellites resulting from the existence of misori-ented areas and double diffraction phenomena, the angle between both systems is close to 100 (c) satellites along [110] with q 3.65 (d) previous satellites have disappeared but streaks remain along (II0 (e) multisplitting of the spots and first satellites they are indications of distortions and microtwins.

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