Analysis toxicological

Many different samples may be submitted to the toxicology laboratory for analysis (see Table 11.2). When samples have been submitted from a 

Samples from the Deceased Samples from Living Individual 

Tissue samples (such as liver, lung, brain)  

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In this present chapter, the applications of multidimensional chromatography to forensic and toxicological analysis are described in detail, being organized by technique. While multidimensional chromatography has not been as widely applied in... 

The true reaction sequences that will be described in Volume 1 c are frequently used in toxicological analysis, since the unequivocal identification of medicaments, intoxicants and addictive drugs in body fluids almost always requires the simultaneous detection of many possible substances with completely different chemical characteristics. For... 

GC/MS has been employed by Demeter et al. (1978) to quantitatively detect low-ppb levels of a- and P-endosulfan in human serum, urine, and liver. This technique could not separate a- and P-isomers, and limited sensitivity confined its use to toxicological analysis following exposures to high levels of endosulfan. More recently, Le Bel and Williams (1986) and Williams et al. (1988) employed GC/MS to confirm qualitatively the presence of a-endosulfan in adipose tissue previously analyzed quantitatively by GC/ECD. These studies indicate that GC/MS is not as sensitive as GC/ECD. Mariani et al. (1995) have used GC in conjunction with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry to determine alpha- and beta-endosulfan in plasma and brain samples with limits of detection reported to be 5 ppb in each matrix. Details of commonly used analytical methods for several types of biological media are presented in Table 6-1. 

Demeter J, Heyndrickx A, Timperman J, et al. 1977. Toxicological analysis in a case of endosulfan suicide. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 18 110-114. 

Today, analytical evaluation is done on a large scale in a computerized way by means of data bases and expert systems (Sect. 8.3.6). In particular, a library search is a useful tool to identify pure compounds, confirm them and characterize constituents in mixtures. Additionally, unknown new substances may be classified by similarity analysis (Zupan [1986], Hippe [1991], Warr [1993], Hobert [1995]). The library search has its main application in such fields where a large number of components has to be related with large sets of data such as environmental and toxicological analysis (Scott [1995], Pellizarri et al. [1985]). 

The screening strategy for systematic toxicological analysis (STA) must be very extensive, because several thousands of drugs or pesticides should be considered. In STA the substance(s) present is (are) not known at the start of the analysis. In such a... 

TABLE 16.1. Comparison of Order of Examination for Poison Groups, Target Specimens, and Methods Commonly Used in Systematic Toxicological Analysis... 

Yonemitsu K, Tsunenari S, Kanda M. 1983. [An industrial accident due to Freon 113 poisoning. Toxicological analysis of the cause of death.] Nippon-Hoigaku-Zasshi 37 428. (Japanese)... 

Drummer OH. 1999. Chromatographic screening techniques in systematic toxicological analysis. J Chromatogr B 733 27. 

Muller, C., Schafer, P., Stortzel, M., Vogt, S., and Weinmann, W. (2002). Ion suppression effects in liquid chromatography-electrospray-ionization transport-region collision induced dissociation mass spectrometry with different serum extraction methods for systematic toxicological analysis with mass spectra libraries. /. Chromatogr. B 773, 47— 52. 

Chen J, Higby R, Tian D, Tan D, Johnson MD, Xiao Y, Keller KJ, Feng S, Shields PG (2008) Toxicological analysis of low-nicotine and nicotine free-cigarettes. Toxicology 249 194-203 Connolly GN, Alpert HR (2008) Trends in the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products, 2000-2007, JAMA 299 2629-2630... 

LC/MS) applications in forensic toxicological analysis has increased markedly during... 

Tracqui A, Kintz P, Mangin P. Systematic toxicological analysis using HPLC/Dad. Journal of Forensic Sciences 40, 254-262, 1995. 

Collection of information and specimens Toxicological analysis Data interpretation... 

If it is confirmed that the reference value has been exceeded and this is assessed as having relevance to health, it is recommended that matters be taken further with a detailed investigation which should include a search for causes/sources, a concentration/time curve forecast and if necessary an individual toxicological analysis in order to examine and decide whether further action should be taken. 

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