Blood serum concentrations

Like Na+, the calcium ion is actively excluded from cells. Indeed, 99% of the calcium in the human body is present in the bones/ 3 The blood serum concentration of Ca2+ is -3 mM, of which 1.5 mM is free. The rest is chelated by proteins, carbohydrates, and other materials. Within cells the concentration of free Ca2+ is < 1 pM and typically -0.05-0.2 pM for unexcited cells. d -f However, the total intracellular Ca2+ is considerably higher and may be in excess of 1 mM. Approximate total concentrations are red blood cells, 20 pM liver, 1.6 mM and heart, 4 mM. 

Lithium is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and completely distributed throughout all the tissues in the body. During an acute manic episode, achieving blood serum concentrations between 1.0 and 1.4 mEq/L is desirable. Maintenance doses are somewhat lower, and serum concentrations that range from 0.5 to 1.3 mEq/L are optimal. 

Simonsen, O., Grubb, A., and Thysell, H., The blood serum concentration of cystatin C (y -trace) as a measure of the glomerular filtration rate. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 45(2), 97—... 

Toward the end of the nineteenth century, European pharmacologists demonstrated the heterogeneity of the protein (albumen) in blood serum. Concentrated salt solutions were employed to precipitate the globulins. After the work of Kander (K2) and Lewith (LIO) the serum protein, which remained in solution after mixing diluted serum with an equal volume of ammonium sulfate solution saturated at 25°C (final concentration 2.05 Af), was designated albumin. ... 

Fig. 18,1, Differential spectra of human blood, (a) Specimen human blood serum reference cell distilled water, (b) Specimen human blood serum concentrated 5 times reference cell distilled water. (Stewart et al 1959a.)...

Figures IS.laand 18.1b are differential spectra of natural human blood serumand human blood serum concentrated five times. Figure 18.2 is a differential spectrum of normal human blood serum in which the reference cell also contained the same fluid. The figure shows a relatively flat baseline with which to compare abnormal specimens. Figure 18.3 shows marked diflerences in the spectrum of the blood serum from a patient with the disease lupus erythematosus disseminatus. Figure 18.4...

For example, in treating patients with epilepsy, physicians depend on laboratory tests to measure blood serum concentrations of anticonvulsant drugs. Low... 

The method was applied for the determination of retinol and tocopherol in commercially available tablets/capsules containing vitamins A and E. It could be seen from Table 19.3, that there were no significant differences between labeled contents of pharmaceutical formulations and those obtained by the FI-CL method and HPLC method (Driskell et al., 1982). Normal blood serum concentration of retinol and tocopherol are in the ranges 0.3-0.6 and 5.0-15 mg/L, respectively (Combs, 2008). Blood serum samples were also analyzed after appropriate dilution to fit in to the linear range and the results obtained were compared with an HPLC method. The results show that there were no significant differences obtained by these methods. 

AUC area under the blood/plasma/serum concentration-time... 

POTTER s M, FERTILE J and BERBER-JIMENEZ M D (1996) Soy protein concentrate and isolated soy protein similarly lower blood serum cholesterol hut differently affect thyroid hormones in hamsters. J Nutr. 126 (8) 2007-11. 

Nicdermeier, W. (1965). Concentration and chemical state of copper in synovial fluid and blood serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 24, 544-548. 

Serum concentrations of PCP determined by enzyme immunoassay in 405 patients also did not correlate with the state of intoxication at the time the blood speciman was obtained, although the highest PCP concentrations in the study were associated with major patterns. However, some patients with major patterns had negative... 

Serum concentrations of D-dimer, a by-product of thrombin generation, is usually elevated. The patient may have an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and white blood cell (WBC) count. 

Oral starting doses of tacrolimus range from 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg per day in two divided doses. Tacrolimus is available in 0.5, 1, and 5 mg capsules and as an injectable.11 The IV formulation usually is avoided owing to the risk of anaphylaxis because of its castor oil component. Tacrolimus C0 whole-blood levels should be monitored (12 hours after the last administered dose) and maintained between 5 and 15 ng/mL again, desired serum concentrations depend on the transplanted organ, the patient s condition, and the time since transplant.11 A once-daily modified formulation of tacrolimus is being studied currently. 

Using this analytical technique, a curvilinear relationship between plasma and blood lead concentrations has been demonstrated in adults (118 active lead industry workers and 25 retired workers) whose PbB concentrations were 1- 93 pg/dL log plasma (pg/L)= 0.00225 x blood ( pg/L) - 0.58 this relationship describes a plasma/blood lead concentration ratio of approximately 0.4 at PbB concentrations between 10 and 30 pg/dL, and ratios increasing to 3.5% at PbB concentrations between 30 and 90 pg/dL (Berdahl et al. 1997 Berdahl and SkerfVing 1997). Similar ratios have been reported for serum and blood serum... 

Children with elevated PbB (12-120 pg/dL) were found to have significantly lower serum concentrations of the vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D compared with age-matched controls (p<0.001), and showed a negative correlation of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with lead over the range of blood lead levels measured (Mahaffey et al. 1982 Rosen et al. 1980). 

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