Serological

Volumetric transfer pipets Measuring and serological pipets ... 

Ser. marcescens Sermion Serology Seropram Serotimn Serotonin... 

Forensic science laboratories are generally divided into separate specialty areas. These typically include forensic toxicology, soHd-dose dmg testing, forensic serology, trace evidence analysis, firearms and tool mark examination, questioned documents examination, and latent fingerprint examination. Laboratories principally employ chemists, biochemists, and biologists at various degree levels. In some specialty areas, eg, firearms examination, questioned... 

Forensic Serology. Blood, often associated with crimes of violence, is powerfiil physical evidence. Its presence suggests association with the criminal act and blood can be used to associate suspects and locations with the bleeder. Blood is a complex mixture of cellular material, proteins, and enzymes and several tests are available for suspected bloody evidence. A typical test protocol involves (/) determining whether blood is present, (2) determining if it is human blood, (J) typing the blood, and (4) when appHcable, performing DNA typing. 

R. E. Gaensslen, Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology andBiochemisty, National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1983. 

Serizltisienmg, /. (Petrog.) sericitization. serologisch a. serological, serds <2. serous. 

It is an autoantibody whose autoantigen is the Fc portion of IgG. Rheumatoid factors may be of any immunoglobulin isotype but it is IgM rheumatoid factor that is commonly measured in rheumatoid arthritis. Classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis include only one serological test, namely rheumatoid factor. However, it is not diagnostic test rather it may be confirmatory when a number of other clinical features are present. 

A seminal review by Stacey in 1947 on Aspects of Immunochemistry, and a survey a year later on Chemistry of Immunopolysaccharides, pointed the way to much of his future research. Taken in toto, his chemical work laid a firm basis for correlating the chemical and serological approaches to structure determinations of antigenic polysaccharides. 

By 1945, Stacey speculated about the possibility of a structural relationship between Pneumococcus capsular polysaccharides and those produced by other organisms. With Miss Schliichterer, he had examined the capsular polysaccharide of Rhizobium radicicolum. This polysaccharide gave a precipitin reaction in high dilution, not only with Type III Pneumococcus antiserum, but also mixed with antisera from other Pneumococcus types. The chemical evidence indicated that the polysaccharide resembled the specific polysaccharides of Types I and II Pneumococcus. A decade later, the acidic capsular polysaccharide from Azoto-bacter chroococcum, a soil organism, was studied. It, too, produced serological cross-reactions with certain pneumococcal specific antisera. Although the molecular structure of the polysaccharide was not established, adequate evidence was accumulated to show a structural relationship to Type III Pneumococcus-specific polysaccharide. This was sufficiently close to account for the Type III serological cross-relationship. 

In the late 1940s Stacey, with the able and enthusiastic assistance of Paul Kent, examined polysaccharide material from Mycobacterium tuberculosis human strain. From heat-killed cells, two stable, serologically specific polysaccharide fractions and a degraded bacterial glycogen were isolated and examined. 

Serological Activity of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids, U. Blix, C. N. Hand, and M. Stacey, Bril. J. Exptl. Pathol., 35 (1954) 241-251. 

The etiology and pathogenesis of rosacea are not well established and there are no histologic or serologic markers for the disease. 

The detection of reactions mediated by specific IgE to agents triggering anaphylaxis may be achieved by means of serological methods serum-specific IgE, or by means of cellular tests which determine the release of basophil mediators (leukotrienes and histamine) or by means of the analysis of basophil expression markers, a technique known as the basophil activation test (BAT). 

Palytoxin s properties of stimulating arachidonic acid metabolism were decreased > 90% after exposure to 0.1 N HCl for 60 min at 37 C and decreased about 75% after exposure to 0.01 N HCl for 60 min at 50 C, but these biologic properties were stable to boiling in H2O for 60 min. Palytoxin s serologic activities were stable to these treatments. 

Table II. Serologic Specificity of [ I]Palytoxin-anti-Palytoxin Immune System...

Tsugawa, T., Numata-Kinoshita, K., Honma, S., Nakata, S., Tatsumi, M., Sakai, Y., Natori, K., Takeda, N., Kobayashi, S., and Tsutsumi, H. (2006). Virological, serological, and clinical features of an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to recombinant genogroup II norovirus in an infant home. /. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 177-182. 

L. Landsteiner, The Specificity of Serological Reactions, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1945). 

Non-endoscopic testing methods include the urea breath test, serologic testing, and the stool antigen assay. Compared to endoscopic procedures, these tests are more comfortable, less expensive, and do not require a special procedure. The urea breath test is usually the first-line test to detect active... 

Office-based serologic testing provides a quick assessment (within 15 minutes) of an exposure to HP, but patients can remain seropositive for up to 1 year after eradication, making the clinical utility of this test limited. Stool antigen assays can be useful for the initial diagnosis or to confirm HP eradication, and unlike the urea breath test, are less affected by concomitant medication use.9... 

Evaluate hepatic serologies to diagnose the type of hepatitis infection a patient acquired. 

Diagnosing viral hepatitis may be difficult because most infected individuals are asymptomatic. Because symptoms cannot identify the specific type of hepatitis, laboratory serologies must be obtained (Table 21-2). In addition, liver function tests may be obtained to assess the extent of cholestatic and hepatocellular injury. However, the definitive test to determine the amount of damage and inflammation of hepatic cells is a liver biopsy. 

TABLE 21-2. Interpretation of Viral Hepatitis Serology Panels... 

Treatment to Administer if Serology Test of Source Person Is ... 

In patients with either HBeAg-positive or HBeAg-negative hepatitis B, monitor hepatitis B serologies and HBV DNA levels every 3 months to determine treatment response regardless of the therapy given.28,32... 

Cenital herpes simplex virus. Characterized by vesicular or ulcerative lesions. Diagnosis confirmed by virologic or serologic testing. Prodrome manifests as pain, burning, or itching at the site where lesions will develop. 

Syphilis. Early disease may be characterized by a single genital lesion. Diagnosed by positive serologic testing [e.g., VDRL or rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test]. 

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