Separated fields

Nonciliated cells separate fields of ciliated epithelial cells from each other. Synchronized ciliary movement, with a beat frequency in human proximal airways under normal conditions of 8-15 EIz, propels mucus along the mucociliary escalator at a rate of up to 25 mm/min. Beat frequencies appear to slow to roughly 7 Hz in more distal airways. Cilia move in the same direction and in phase within each field but cilia in adjacent fields move in slightly different directions and are phase shifted. These beat patterns result in metachronal waves that steadily move mucus at higher velocities ( -12-18 mm/min) than would be achievable by summing the motion of individual cilia. 

Compound-Wound Motor. A compound-wound motor is a direct-current motor which as two separate field windings. One, usually the predominating field, is... 

Solid-State DC Drives. The controlled-thyristor rectifier and separate-field DC motor is the solid-state motor drive in greatest use. The combination provides control over at least a 10 1 speed range, plus an additional two to three times by field weakening. Depending upon the power level, the rectifier is operated directly from the AC supply lines, or via a transformer. Typical speed regulation of 2% can be accomplished with a single control system. The horsepower and speed limitations are set by the DC motor, not by the semiconductor rectifiers. The DC motor and rectifier can be combined to any required power level. 

NGL are those portions of natural gas which are recovered as liquids in separators, field facilities or gas processing plants. Natural gas liquids include, but are not limited to, heavier hydrocarbon components, natural gasoline and condensate they may include small quantities of nonhydrocarbons. 

It is estimated that between 1000 and 2500 m3 ha-1 of water are required to produce a rice crop in the southern US and generally less than one third of that requirement is met by rainfall [35]. Levees, which separate fields into bays, or paddies, and control flood depth (i.e., by use of gates or spills), are commonly constructed on contours that were surveyed on 3 to 6 cm vertical intervals. This creates winding, contour-shaped levees in fields that are not precision-leveled, whereas precision leveling to a uniform grade of 0.2% or less allows the construction of uniformly spaced, straight levees and may reduce the number of levees required [34]. 

Distribution analysis in atomic dimensions becomes structure analysis. But because of its specific methodology, it makes sense to consider structure analysis as a separate field of analytical chemistry see Sect. 1.2. Therefore, the information-theoretical fundamentals of structure analysis are different from that of element analysis and have been represented by Danzer and Marx [ 1979a,b]. 

Fig. 1. Catalytic activities of metals for ethane hydrogenolysis in relation to the percentage d character of the metallic bond. The closed points represent activities compared at a temperature of 205°C and ethane and hydrogen pressures of 0.030 and 0.20 atm, respectively, and the open points represent percentage d character. Three separate fields are shown in the figure to distinguish the metals in the different long periods of the periodic table.

Evidently, this approach is not limited to the formation of nitronates, nitroso acetals or enoximes. The rearrangements of these compounds by elimination reactions, the trapping of intermediates and finally their reactions with various reagents are of equal importance. It should be emphasized that silylation of AN as a process in organic chemistry is characterized by an unrivalled completeness and diversity of transformations. Hence, the silylation can be considered as a separate field of application of AN in organic synthesis. 

Field measurements included pH, Eh, EC, temperature, depth of water table and depth of sample collection. Separate, field preserved sub-samples were collected for cation (ICP-MS/OES), anion (IC), alkalinity (titration), DOC, P04 and Au and PGE analysis (using carbon sorption). 

Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) - The portions of natural gas that are liquefied at the surface in production separators, field facilities, or gas processing plants, leaving dry natural gas. They include but are not limited to ethane, propane, butane, natural gasoline, and condensate. 

An ion that is displaced from the center of the analyzer can be restored to the center of the gap (i.e., compensated) when a DC potential from, for example, 20 to 10 V is superimposed on the separation field. This second potential is called the compensation voltage and will allow an ion to be passed through the DMS drift tube and to a detector. A scan of the compensation voltage provides a measure of all ions in the analyzer and is termed a differential mobiftty spectrum as shown in Figure 10. This method is now understood as a technique for separation of ions based on AK rather than K as seen with conventional drift tubes. 

Isotopic mapping of five selected areas in Canada and Sweden has indicated that the isotopic zones (5 0 <6%o and >9%o separate fields. Fig. 1) are not fully coeval. Values of 5 0 >9%o in hanging wall rocks largely indicate waning temperature and fluid flow, and post-date much of the high... 

Figure 13.7 Electropherograms showing the simultaneous measurement of low- and high-energy explosives as recorded with the (a) conductivity and (b) amperometric detectors. Analytes, ammonium (1), methylammonium (2), sodium (3), TNB (4), TNT (5), 2,4-DNB (6), and 2-Am-4,6-DNB (7), system peak (SP). Explosive concentration, 2 mM (1,2,3) and 15 ppm (4,5,6,7). Conditions MES/His buffer (20 mM, pH 6.1) containing 15 mM lithium dodecyl sulfate as the run buffer separation field strength, +250 V/cm injection field strength, +250 V/cm for 2 s detection at 200 kHz, (a) 5 Vp p and at (b) —0.5 V. (Reprinted in part with permission from [34]. Copyright 2002 American Chemical Society.)...

Figure 13.11 Electropherogram of a solid-phase extraction sample in acetonitrile/ methanol [87.5/12.5 (v/v)] containing 2.5 mM NaOH and 1.0 mM SDS, derived from a seawater sample spiked with 0.5 [tg/L of TNT, TNB, and tetryl. Applied separation field strength, —506 V/cm, using a 10-s floating load. (Reprinted from [38] with permission from Elsevier.)...

An easy calibration strategy is possible in ICP-MS (in analogy to optical emission spectroscopy with an inductively coupled plasma source, ICP-OES) because aqueous standard solutions with well known analyte concentrations can be measured in a short time with good precision. Normally, internal standardization is applied in this calibration procedure, where an internal standard element of the same concentration is added to the standard solutions, the samples and the blank solution. The analytical procedure can then be optimized using the internal standard element. The internal standard element is commonly applied in ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS to account for plasma instabilities, changes in sample transport, short and long term drifts of separation fields of the mass analyzer and other aspects which would lead to errors during mass spectrometric measurements. 

The majority of online resume templates you will encounter on the various career-related websites and sites hosted by individual employers follow the same basic format as a traditional chronological resume. You will be prompted to enter each piece of information in separate fields, and you will most likely be limited in the number of fields you can fill in order to convey your information. 

Supercritical fluid chromatography offers some unique advantages in the separation field. To date, its use and therefore advantages have yet to be fully exploited. 

Briefly, each instruction is decoded and given to the appropriate part of the machine. The separate fields of each instruction are interpreted by the specific section. 

Sampling soil for VOC analysis is a separate field of knowledge. Many different sampling techniques exist today, which, if properly applied, will provide a relatively accurate representation of the true VOC concentration in soil. The limitations of each technique do not permit to select any one of them as a universal practice. For this reason, a combination of several techniques may be used to provide the best possible data. 

The necessity to realize a sustainable growth, also by a more rational and efficient energy use, calls for additional and substantial developments in the separations field. 

FIGURE 6.16 Effect of surfactant type on the microchip separation of 2 mg/L TNT, 1 mg/L TNB, and 2 mg/L tetryl. The separation buffer contained MeCN/MeOH (87.5/12.5 ([v/v])), 2.5 mM NaOH, and with (a) no surfactant, (b) 0.5 mM CTAB, (c) 1.0 mM SDS. Applied separation field strength, 506 V/cm, using a 1-s floating injection. Colorimetric detection was achieved using a green LED source (505 nm) [622]. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Science. 

FIGURE 6.19 Fluorescence CCD images of tITP-ZE separation during injection (b) and after IIP concentration (c). (a) shows the general microfluidic channel configuration. Panels (b) and (c) show results obtained with a 250-pm injector. Conditions Sample was 1 mM fluorescein. Leading electrolyte 25 mM Tris+, 25 mM Cl. Trailing electrolyte 25 mM Tris+, 25 mM TAPS. Injection field 300 V/cm, current 18 pA. Separation field 200 V/cm, current 10 tl.A [634]. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

In another report, fractionation of DNA samples was achieved on a Si-Pyrex device using on-chip electrodes (see Figure 6.38). The DNA fragments migrate and separate in the main gel-filled separation channel. As the individual band of interest migrates into the intersection formed by the separation channel and side channel, an electric field perpendicular to the direction of the separation field is applied, and the target band can then be attracted to the capture electrode in the side channel out of the gel [96]. 

Better isolation of the high separation field (similar baseline noise at various separation voltages) was achieved by using a sputtered Au film formed at the exit of the channel, which was perpendicular to the axis of the channel [749]. 

In explaining the photodetection process in vision, there remains the every present problem of clashes in nomenclature as two previously separate fields of chemistry become more entwined. In this case, they are the field of photosensitization chemistry as used in photography and the field of dye chemistry as used in the textile industry. The reader is cautioned to review Section 5.2.4 before proceeding beyond that section. 

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