Speed typical

Switching speed. Typical switching times for TN devices are 20 to 50ms, which is quite slow and has limited tl television displays. 

Some studies (6) have been carried out to measure distribution of soHds in mixing tanks. Local soHds concentrations at various heights are measured at different impeller speeds. Typical data (Fig. 16) demonstrate that very high mixer speeds are needed to raise the soHds to high levels. At low levels, soHds concentration can exceed the average concentration at low mixer speeds. These soHds distributions depend on the impeller diameter, particle size, and physical properties. 

Extmsion accounts for about 30% of nylon produced and is used in various processes (24). Nylons can be extmded on conventional equipment having the following characteristics. The extmder drive should be capable of continuous variation over a range of screw speeds. Nylon often requires a high torque at low screw speeds typical power requirements would be a 7.5-kW motor for a 30-mm machine or 25-kW for 60-mm. A nylon screw is necessary and should not be cooled. Recommended compression ratios ate between 3.5 1 and 4 1 for nylon-6,6 and nylon-6 between 3 1 and 3.5 1 for nylon-11 and nylon-12. The length-to-diameter ratio, T/D should be greater than 15 1 at least 20 1 is recommended for nylon-6,6, and 25 1 for nylon-12. 

The majority of industrial drives are constant speed. Typical applications include ... 

Two-winding motors may be built for constant torque, variable torque, or constant horsepower. Constant-horsepower motors are capable of handling the same horsepower at both speeds (i.e., higher torque at the low speed). Constant-torque motors can handle the same load torque at either speed (e.g., conveyor drives). Variable-torque motors are designed for loads in which load torque varies as the square of speed and horsepower varies as the cube of speed. Typical applications are as follows ... 

Reciprocating compressors are classified as either high speed or slow speed. Typically, high-speed compressors run at a speed of 900 to 1200 rpm and slow-speed units at speeds of 200 to 600 rpm. 

In earlier times it was customai y to eliminate vehicle velocity as a variable by measuring fuel ecotiomy while driving at a constant speed, typically 40 mph. Fuel economy at this speed generally falls within 10 percent of its maximum level-road value. Fuel economy falls off at both much lower and much higher speeds. 

After paint application, all coils are cured in an oven. Curing temperatures depend upon basis material, conversion coating, paint formulation, and line speed. Typical temperatures range from 93°C to a maximum of 454°C. Upon leaving the oven, the coils are quenched with water to induce rapid cooling prior to rewinding. 

Dough Development. The dough is then developed by running the mixer to its high speed, typically for between 8 and 14 min. 

Owing to increased flow rates, HPLC systems also offer much improved fractionation speeds, typically in the order of minutes rather than hours. 

Electrochemical electrodes are subject to interference from a number of substances and sampling conditions Can have a response time of 60-90 s, depending on temperature, sample viscosity and stirring speed Typical lifetime of just 3 months membranes must be changed frequently as they become fouled, damaged or clogged... 

Both deflagrations and detonations can produce what a lay observer might describe as an explosion . Nonetheless, a detonation is a special type of explosion with specific physical characteristics. It is initiated by the heat accompanying shock compression it liberates sufficient energy, before any expansion occurs, to sustain the shock wave. The shock wave propagates into the unreacted material at supersonic speed, typically 1500—9000 m/s. We discuss the practical differences between the effects of detonation and deflagration in Chapter 11 on post-blast issues. 

Fast-flow systems (FFS) consist of a flow tube typically 2- to 5-crn in diameter in which the reactants A and B are mixed in the presence of a large amount of an inert bath gas such as He or Ar. As the mixture travels down the flow tube at relatively high linear flow speeds (typically 1000 cm s l), A and B react. The decay of A along the length of the flow tube, that is, with time, is followed and Eq. (T) applied to obtain the rate constant of interest. 

The characteristics of the three most common thermoset resin systems used in pultrusion are compiled in Table 11.2 [3]. It is noteworthy that unreinforced polyesters and vinylesters shrink 7-9% upon crosslinking, whereas epoxies shrink much less and tend to adhere to the die. These epoxy characteristics translate into processing difficulties, reduced processing speed, and inferior component surface finish. It is normal practice to use resin additives to improve processability, mechanical properties, electrical properties, shrinkage, environmental resistance, temperature tolerance, fire tolerance, color, cost, and volatile evaporation. It is normally the resin, or rather its reactivity, that determines the pulling speed. Typical pulling speeds for polyesters tend to be on the order of 10-20 mm/s, whereas speeds may exceed lOOmm/s under certain circumstances. Apart from the resins characterized in Table 11.2, several other thermosets, such as phenolics, acrylics, and polyurethanes, have been tried, as have several thermoplastics (as will be discussed in Sec. 11.2.6). 

Pressure-sensitive adhesives are used in a great variety of applications, most commonly for adhesive tapes. In that case, they have to be tested by static shear test or dynamic shear test The difference between these two methods is that in static shear test a standard force is being applied to the test specimen and the adhesive failure is reported as the time it takes for failure to occur. The dynamic shear test involves a force being applied to the PSA tape at a specific rate of speed (typically 0.25 mm or 0.1 in. per minute). The value reported is as the peak force per unit area (Ib/in, also abbreviated as psi, and in SI units MPa) required to cause adhesive failure. The standards for adhesion shear tests are ASTM D3654, ISO EN 1943, and PSTC-107.i i ... 

The Bib and BI are defined as shown below in Equations (2) and (3), respectively. Both indices describe the bonding ability of the tablets by using the ratio of tensile strength and indentation hardness. However, Bib is determined at low-indentation speed (Hq) and BIw is determined at high speed (Hio). Hence, BI is considered more indicative of actual tableting conditions, whereas Bib relates to slower compactions speeds typical of development or roller compaction processes. 

A second flow measurement to be considered during scale-up is the ability of the granulate/powder to fill the dies. This can most efficiently be monitored by punch force variability and individual core weight measurements. Acceptable weight control (<3% RSD) and force (<5% RSD) may be masked at slower compression speeds typically used for development or when a tablet press is not fully tooled. Production operations will tend to run at the high end of any validated range, so flow must be consistent from batch to batch. 

The main characteristic of an impact test is the sudden application of a load at a high speed (typically, strain rates are in the range 10 1-102s 1. 

Air movement indoors is much slower than outdoors, but it is usually enough to ensure that concentrations are fairly uniform in a room. Convection from heating appliances gives air speeds typically in the range 0.05-0.5 m s-1 (Daws, 1967). However, to undergo deposition, vapour molecules or particles must be transported across the boundary layer, typically a few millimetres thick, of almost stagnant air over surfaces. This may be achieved by sedimentation, molecular or Brownian diffusion, or under the action of electrostatic or thermophoretic forces. 

Pumping speed (typical units Ls1 m3h ) generally refers to the volume rate of flow of gas entering the vacuum pump. Manufacturers state the pumping speed of a pump at the inlet of the pump (SQ, in this... 

In the first stage, the product is melted at high speed (typically 350 to 600 rpm, fixed speed) in a closely defined area in a small" machine. A comparatively short machine (L 15 D) is used to keep residence times short. Partially or fully variable speed is also available, depending on operating conditions and customer preference. 

There are extruders that are utilized for just one process or a specific task. In this case, it suffices to define exactly one speed for their drive. A fixed-speed motor is used and operated directly from the mains. In such cases, a manual switching stage is provided on the gear box so that it can run at a second constant speed. The screw speed typically ranges between 200 and 300 rpm. 

In a sedimentation equilibrium experiment the cell is rotated at a relatively low speed (typically 5000-10000 rpm) until an equilibrium is attained whereby the centrifugal force just balances the tendency of the molecules to diffuse back against the concentration gradient developed. Measurements are made of the equilibrium concentration profiles for a series of solutions with different initial polymer concentrations so that the results can be extrapolated to c = 0. A rigorous thermodynamic treatment is possible and enables absolute values ot Mwand Mz, to be determined. The principal restriction to the use of sedimentation equilibrium measurements is the long time required to reach equilibrium, since this is at least a few hours and more usually is a few days. 

The spin-coating process allows the preparation of uniform thin films on plane snbstrates . In a typical spin-coating experiment the precursor solution is placed onto the center of the substrate, which is then rotated at high speed (typically between 800... 

During compression, the powder compact typically undergoes a temperature increase, which depends on frictional effects that are dependent, in turn, on the specific material characteristics, the lubrication efficiency, the magnitude and rate of application of the compression forces, and the machine speed. Typical temperature increases are between 4 and As the tablet tem-... 

Traditional methods for adding components to a PC usually involved removing the case and at least a couple of system reboots. These legacy methods for upgrade were also limited by the very architecture of the PC the limit of 16 interrupts, limited DMA channels, even limited bus speed. Typical users do not understand the various rules and procedures used to install typical PC components. 

---