Channel separator

Carlsson Kand Liljeborg A 1997 Confocal fluorescence microscopy using spectral and lifetime information to simultaneously record four fluorophores with high channel separation J. Microsc. 185 37-46... 

Fig. 9.8 Cross section of a silicon slot waveguide consisting of two 180 nm x 250 nm silicon channels, separated by a 50 nm gap. The solid line represents a line plot of the electric field amplitude of the horizontally polarized TE mode, taken along the horizontal midline of the waveguide...

A microfluidic chip has been developed for rapid screening of protein crystallization conditions (Hansen et al., 2002) using the free interface diffusion method. The chip is comprised of a multilayer, silicon elastomer and has 480 valves operated by pressure. The valves are formed at the intersection of two channels separated by a thin membrane. When pressure is applied to the top channel it collapses... 

Diffusion over the surface is still highly anisotropic. For motion over the top of the dimers, we obtain intervening barriers of 0.70 and 0.55 eV, respectively. To move across the dimer rows, a barrier of 0.95 eV must be surmounted. The barriers for diffusion in the channels separating the dimer rows are quite sensitive to the tilt of the dimer, with 0.75 eV being the lowest barrier encountered when the adatom moves past a down dimer. 

The cross-sections (Fig. 97, Plate X) have the form of flattened triangles, and show clearly the fibrillar structure and the air-channels separating the fibrils, these channels being wider in the central parts of the section. 

The apparatus consists of a system of channels separated by selective membranes. If a direct current is maintained across a stationary gradient of complex-forming anions, a focusing of the position of the cations is produced. 

Alias reduction for hybrid filter banks. One possible problem of all cascaded filter banks specific to hybrid filter banks needs to be mentioned. Since the frequency selectivity of the complete filter bank can be derived as the product of a single filter with the alias components folded in for each filter, there are spurious responses (alias components) possible at unexpected frequencies. Crosstalk between subbands over a distance of several times the bandwidth of the final channel separation can occur. The overall frequency response shows peaks within the stopbands. 

Fig.lOA-D Low-power micrographs in monkey DG stained for Musashil (A) and BrdU (B). Note numerous Musashil+ cells in SGZ, some of which appear double-labeled for BrdU (arrows). C, D High-power view of BrdU/Musashil colabeled clusters on days 9 (C) and 79 (D) with channel separation and 3D reconstructions in x and y axes. Scale bar = 50 pm... 

Fig. 11A-C A Double-staining for BrdU and Nestin in SGZ of control monkey with channel separation. Note a doublet stained by the two markers (frame). Nestin+ cells that were colabeled by GFAP were negative for BrdU (arrows). B A BrdU+/Nestin+ cluster in day-9 SGZ is ensheathed by, but distinct from, GFAP+ fibers (arrowheads). C Three-dimensional reconstruction of the cluster shown in B confirms it was encapsulated by GFAP+ fibers (arrowheads), but the BrdU+ cells were not colabeled for GFAP. Scale bar = 10 pm...

Fig. 12A-E Double-staining for BrdU and neuronal progenitor markers in SGZ. A An example of a BrdU/TUC4 double-stained cell (arrows) (day 9) adjacent to a BrdU+/TUC4 cell. B A BrdU+/Hu+ cell (day 23) with serial scanning at various depths to confirm the colocalization of the two channels. C A cell double-stained for Doublecortin (DCX) and BrdU (day 15) shown with channel separation. D A cell double-stained for /fill-tubulin and BrdU (day 9) extending processes parallel to DGL (arrowheads) is shown with channel separation. E A cell double-stained for PSA-NCAM and BrdU (day 44), extending processes parallel to DGL, is shown with channel separation. Scale bar= 10 pm...

Fig. 15A-C A Double-staining for BrdU and/1111-tubulin (/1111-tub) on day 79 in DGL. Note the double-stained nucleus (arrow) as confirmed by channel separation with orthogonal projections (right panel). Furthermore, note the extension of cellular processes (arrowheads) of the BrdU+//3III-tubulin+ cells toward neighboring BrdU-//3III-tubulin+ cells. B BrdU immunoelectron microscopy in SGZ showing a positive cell extending process. Compare with Fig. 12D. C A putative neuronal progenitor cells forming in the vicinity of which a synaptic bouton is seen (arrow magnified in the inset). Scale bars = 20 pm (A) 1 pm (C)...

Fig. 23A-E (on page 41) Long-term fate of BrdU+ cells in cornu Ammonis (for all images, BrdU is shown in the left panel). A Rod-shaped Ibal+ microglia express BrdU in postischemic day-79 CA1 (arrows). B A few oligodendrocytes positive for CNP also colabeled with BrdU in the postischemic monkeys (micrograph from day-79 CA1). C Lack of colabeling of BrdU (arrows) with /3111-tubulin (day-44 CA1). D Lack of colabeling of BrdU (arrowheads) with NeuN (arrows) (day-44 CA1). E A cell that is positive for BrdU and Hu in CA4 (postischemic day 23) is depicted by arrows and shown in channel separation and orthogonal projections in the lower panel. Scale bars = 10 pm (A, B, E) 20 pm (C) 50 pm (D)...

Fig. 58A-C Glial generation in postischemic striatum and frontal cortex. A Triple labeling for Ibal, S100/3, and BrdU in the postischemic day-44 frontal cortex. Note that the Ibal+/BrdU+ cells (arrowheads) are much more numerous than the S100/ +/BrdU+ cells (arrows). B Example of a BrdU+/S100/ + doublet in day-23 cortex (arrows). C BrdU+ cells coexpress CNP in postischemic day-79 striatum. Channel separation is shown in insets. Scale bars = 20 pm (A) 10 pm (B) 5 pm (C)...

Fig. 59A, B Neuronal production in postischemic frontal cortex. A Double-staining for NeuN and BrdU on postischemic day 44. The depicted region corresponds to the frame on the schematic map (lower left). A frame in layer IV focuses on the region magnified in B. B Note that the BrdU+/NeuN+ cell (arrows), which is similar in size and shape to adjacent BrdU /NeuN+ neurons, extends processes toward them (arrowheads). The BrdU+/NeuN+ cell is shown with channel separation and 3D reconstructions in insets. A BrdU+/NeuN cell is depicted by arrowheads. F, frontal cortex S, striatum. Scale bars = 200 pm (A) 20 pm (B)...

Franz et al. [93] developed a palladium membrane micro reactor for hydrogen separation based on MEMS technology, which incorporated integrated devices for heating and temperature measurement. The reactor consisted of two channels separated by the membrane, which was composed of three layers. Two of them, which were made of silicon nitride introduced by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (0.3 pm thick) and silicon oxide by temperature treatment (0.2 pm thick), served as perforated supports for the palladium membrane. Both layers were deposited on a silicon wafer and subsequently removed from one side completely... 

FIGURE 5.14 (a) Schematic of a three-dimensional gated-injection separation device consisting of two crossed microfluidic channels with a PCTE membrane interconnect, (b) Electrical bias configurations for active electrokinetic injection control. (Right) Nanocapillary array gated injections. (Left) Main channel separations [591]. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

Figure 7.18 Equal-channel angular extrusion process. A metal billet is forced through an extrusion die with equal dimensioned channels separated by an angle 20. At the intersection of the two channels, the material undergoes intensive deformation by shear.

Figure 35 shows a 6 t/h packaged CFBC boiler. At the bottom of the furnace is a bubbling fluidized bed operated at a gas velocity of 2 m/s. The maximum size of the fuel coal could be as much as 30 mm in spite of the low fluidizing velocity, mainly due to the well-designed air distribution system. The height of the furnace is less than 3 m. The major portion of the entrained solid particles is separated from the flue gas by a channel separator mounted at the exit of the furnace, falls into an ash silo, and is then returned to the fluidized bed. 

Figure 36 is an illustration of a CFBC boiler retrofitted from a stoker-fired boiler. Also, at the bottom is a bubbling bed operated at a higher velocity of 3.5 m/s. A tube bundle is installed at an inclination of 15° in the dense bed, which extends to a height of 1.5 m from the air nozzles. A channel separator is also used, and the separated solid particles are returned through an air seal to the combustor. 

Figure 37 shows the schematic design of the channel separator, which is constructed of shaped bricks. When flue gas changes direction in conformity with the contour of the bricks, the entrained solids run into the ash collection grooves due to inertia, and then fall into the ash silo below. The channel... 

Based on the experience of these 75 t/h boilers, a 220 t/h CFBC boiler has been designed and is now being fabricated. A two-stage channel separator, as shown in Fig. 39, is used on these CFBC boilers. This is followed by multi-cyclones. By using this combination of gas-solid separators, and with fly ash reburn, the combustion efficiency has reached 97.5% for a 12,000-kJ/kg low-grade coal. 

The product from Step 1(10.45 mmol) was dissolved in 75 ml methyl alcohol and added dropwise over 2 hours to a stirred solution of ethylenediamine (7.41 mol) dissolved in 50 ml methyl alcohol. The reaction stirred at ambient temperature and excess ethylenediamine and solvent removed. The residue was dissolved in 90 ml methyl alcohol and purified from residual ethylenediamine by reverse osmosis (Filmtec TC-30 membrane and AmiconTClR channel separator, methyl alcohol as solvent). After 48 hours no ethylenediamine could be detected by gas chromatography (Column, Tenax 60/80) and the product isolated in 6.72 g as a glassy solid. 

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