Electric field, separations based cross-flow

The particle sizing by field flow fractionation (FFF) is based on the different effect of a perpendicular applied field on particles in a laminar flow [63-66], The separation principle corresponds to the nature of the perpendicular field and may, for example, be based on different mass (sedimentation FFF), size (cross-flow FFF), or charge (electric-field FFF). Cross-flow FFF has been applied recently to investigate nanoemulsions, SLN, and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC, particles composed of liquid and solid lipids) [58], Although all samples had comparable particle sizes in PCS, their retention in the FFF was very different. Compared to the spherical droplets of the nanoemulsion, SLN and NLC were pushed more efficiently to the bottom of the channel because of their anisotropic shape. Their very different shapes have been confirmed by electron microscopy. 

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