Field strengths

Heat is developed within the polymer by the imaginary component of the dielectric constant. If the field is allowed to be effective for a very long time, then, because of the poor heat conductivity of the material, the heat produced 

Heat is developed within the polymer by the imaginary component of the dielectric constant. If the field is allowed to be effective for a very long time, then, because of the poor heat conductivity of the material, the heat produced may not be dissipated and the material may become hot. The imaginary component results from out-of-phase orientation of polar groups in the polymer or from conduction arising from impurities. These impurities must be of an ionic nature, since the conductivity of the polymer depends very much on the temperature. On the other hand, the electronic conductivity varies much less with temperature. Because of the strong 

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The accuracy of the calculated solution is highly depending of realistic values for conductivity and permeability of the tube material. While the conductivity can be found in the literature for most materials, the right permeability is harder to determine. In the RFEC technique the exciter current and thus the exciter field strength is often to high to assume a... 

Below Difference of the luminances Li - Ls in dependanee of the field strength H,... 

A measurement procedure has been developed that allows to determine the mass of the inclusions as well as their locations with respect to radius, angle, and depth (2). For the depth determination use is made of the approximate 1/R dependence of the magnetic field strength from the distance R to the inclusion When in a first measurement at a small lift off an inclusion is detected, the measurement is repeated at an increased lift off From the signal ratio the depth can be calculated or seen from a diagram like fig. 5a which was generated experimentally. After that, from calibration curves like fig. 5b the absolute value of the signal leads to the mass of the inclusion. 

In what follows it will be convenient to convert between field strength and numbers of photons in the field. According to classical electromagnetism, the energy E in the field is given by... 

Equation (Al.6.15) provides the desired relationship between field strength and the number of photons. 

In the previous sections we have described the interaction of the electromagnetic field with matter, that is, tlie way the material is affected by the presence of the field. But there is a second, reciprocal perspective the excitation of the material by the electromagnetic field generates a dipole (polarization) where none existed previously. Over a sample of finite size this dipole is macroscopic, and serves as a new source tenu in Maxwell s equations. For weak fields, the source tenu, P, is linear in the field strength. Thus,... 

The growth according to this equation is self-limiting as the field strength F is lowered (at constant voltage) with an increasing film thickness x. 

In most practical cases (and at moderate voltages) the high-field growth law can control film growth, say up to only a maximum of 10 nm, as at this thickness the field strength effects become even less important than film growth due to diffusion of vacancies or ions. 

This part of our chapter has shown that the use of the two variables, moduli and phases, leads in a direct way to the derivation of the continuity and Hamilton-Jacobi equations for both scalar and spinor wave functions. For the latter case, we show that the differential equations for each spinor component are (in the nearly nomelativistic limit) approximately decoupled. Because of this decoupling (mutual independence) it appears that the reciprocal relations between phases and moduli derived in Section III hold to a good approximation for each spinor component separately, too. For velocities and electromagnetic field strengths that ate nomrally below the relativistic scale, the Berry phase obtained from the Schrddinger equation (for scalar fields) will not be altered by consideration of the Dirac equation. 

Equation (18) is valid when the polarizability of the dielectric is proportional to the electrostatic field strength [4]. The operator V in the Cartesian coordinate system has the form V = dldx,dldy,dldz). 

This perturbation method is claimed to be more efficient than the fluctuating dipole method, at least for certain water models [Alper and Levy 1989], but it is important to ensure that the polarisation (P) is linear in the electric field strength to avoid problems with dielectric saturation. 

The summation runs over all carbon atoms in the chain. is the angle between the bilayei normal and the molecular axis, as discussed above. is the field strength this may be parametrised to reproduce appropriate experimental data such as the deuterium NMR order parameters or it may be obtained by a self-consistent protocol, as described below. In his work on lipid bilayers Marcelja used a slightly different expression for i jjisp which... 

By treating H as of zeroth order (in the field strength Ao ), expanding P order-byorder in the field-strength parameter ... 

The SI unit for magnetic field strength is the tesla (T) named after Nikola Tesla a contemporary of Thomas Edison and who like Edison was an inventor of electrical devices... 

Tesla (Section 13 3) SI unit for magnetic field strength Tetrahedral intermediate (Section 19 14 and Chapter 20) The key intermediate in nucleophilic acyl substitution Formed by nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group of a car boxyhc acid derivative... 

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