Secondary Oil Production

Acrylamide polymers are used as multipurpose additives in the oil-producing industry. Introduction of polymers into drilling fluids-drilling muds improves the rheological properties of the fluids in question, positively affects the size of suspended particles, and adds to filterability of well preparation to operation. Another important function is soil structure formation, which imparts additional strength to the well walls. A positive effect is also observed in secondary oil production, where acrylamide polymers additives improve the mobility of aqueous brines injections, which contribute to... 

Petroleum. Apart from its use ia petrochemicals manufacture, there are a number of small, scattered uses of lime ia petroleum (qv) production. These are ia making red lime (drilling) muds, calcium-based lubricating grease, neutralization of organic sulfur compounds and waste acid effluents, water treatment ia water flooding (secondary oil recovery), and use of lime and pozzolans for cementing very deep oil wells. 

Much more carbon dioxide is generated daily than is recovered (44). The decision whether or not to recover by-product carbon dioxide often depends on the distance and cost of transportation between the carbon dioxide producer and consumer. For example, it has become profitable to recover more and more carbon dioxide from C02-rich natural gas weUs in Texas as the use of carbon dioxide in secondary oil recovery has increased. The production levels for enhanced oil recovery are generally not reported because of the captive nature of the appHcation. 

A number of disinfectants apparentiy owe their activity to formaldehyde, although there is argument on whether some of them function by other mechanisms. In this category, the dmg with the longest history is hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine, urotropin) [100-97-0] which is a condensation product of formaldehyde and ammonia that breaks down by acid hydrolysis to produce formaldehyde. Hexamine was first used for urinary tract antisepsis. Other antimicrobials that are adducts of formaldehyde and amines have been made others are based on methylolate derivations of nitroalkanes. The apphcations of these compounds are widespread, including inactivation of bacterial endotoxin preservation of cosmetics, metal working fluids, and latex paint and use in spin finishes, textile impregnation, and secondary oil recovery (117). 

Serious research in catalytic reduction of automotive exhaust was begun in 1949 by Eugene Houdry, who developed mufflers for fork lift trucks used in confined spaces such as mines and warehouses (18). One of the supports used was the monolith—porcelain rods covered with films of alumina, on which platinum was deposited. California enacted laws in 1959 and 1960 on air quality and motor vehicle emission standards, which would be operative when at least two devices were developed that could meet the requirements. This gave the impetus for a greater effort in automotive catalysis research (19). Catalyst developments and fleet tests involved the partnership of catalyst manufacturers and muffler manufacturers. Three of these teams were certified by the California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board in 1964-65 American Cyanamid and Walker, W. R. Grace and Norris-Thermador, and Universal Oil Products and Arvin. At the same time, Detroit announced that engine modifications by lean carburation and secondary air injection enabled them to meet the California standard without the use of catalysts. This then delayed the use of catalysts in automobiles. 

These novel organic polymers were not developed solely for the CW or BW treatment market but are for much wider application. These same value-adding process additives are regularly incorporated into products for industrial and domestic cleaning, concrete, pulp and paper, metal finishing, paints and surface coatings, wastewater, seawater distillation, drilling muds, secondary oil-recovery, plastics extrusion, fibers, rubbers, and a host of other areas. 

Interaction of POCs with oil products and synthetic surfactants in water <- Factors increasing the ecological risk of contamination of river waters entering into the Caspian Sea by POCs Secondary contamination of river waters by POCs from bottom sediments... 

Refined, bleached, and deodorized oils may contain some nutritionally objectionable compounds - secondary oxidation products, di- and tri-enoic... 

According to the Cd 18-90 AOCS ° official method, the ANV is 100 times the optical density measured in a 1 cm cell, at 350 nm, of a solution containing 1.00 g of oil in 100 ml of the test solution. The measured absorbance is due to Schiff bases (167) formed when p-anisidine (166) undergoes condensation reaction with carbonyl compounds, according to equation 55. The carbonyl compounds are secondary oxidation products of lipids, such as a, S-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones derived from the hydroperoxides (see Scheme 1 in Section n.A.2.c), and their presence points to advanced oxidation of the oil. 

The above constitute the main uses of LE, amounting to millions of pounds yearly. However, none of these uses is for the LE by itself, ie, solely as a liq. Neat NG has been used in shooting oil wells during the secondary recovery of oil. When oil production from a primary well began to lag, four secondary holes were drilled around the primary well so that all the holes, primary and secondary, were in the form of a five spot . The secondary holes were then loaded with neat NG and shot. 

A feasible procedure for the recovery of oil from the residual solids in the first stage of coal hydrogenation consists in treating the heavy oil slurry from the hot catchpot with superheated steam (25). At short contact times of a spray of heavy oil slurry with superheated steam, a high recovery of oil, with little or no coking or secondary asphaltene production, was achieved. 

The fundamental phases of petroleum production include (1) the initial exploration required to find heretofore undiscovered oil and gas reservoirs (2) primary and secondary recovery methods, which make use of both naturally occurring (or primary) reservoir energy and the application of secondary energy sources, such as the injection of gas or water and (3) enhanced oil recovery used to increase ultimate oil production beyond that achievable with primary and secondary methods. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods increase the proportion of the reservoir by improving the sweep efficiency, reducing the amount of residual oil in the swept zones (increasing the displacement efficiency), and reducing the viscosity of thick oils. 

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods increase ultimate oil production beyond that achievable with primary and secondary methods. This is accomplished by increasing the proportion of the reservoir affected. EOR methods arc of three broad groups (1) thermal, (2) miscible, and (3) chemical. 

The primary products from autoxidation are hydroperoxides, which are often simply referred to as peroxides. Peroxides are odorless and colorless, but are labile species that can undergo both enzymatic and nonenzymatic degradation to produce a complex array of secondary products such as aliphatic aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons. Many of these secondary oxidation products are odiferous and impart detrimental sensory attributes to the food product in question. Being able to monitor and semi-quantitate the development of peroxides by objective means (e.g., PV determination) over time is important for food scientists who want to characterize the quality of an oil or a lipid-containing food product, even though the peroxides themselves are not directly related to the actual sensory quality of the product tested. 

It should be noted that both linoleic and a-linolenic acids form hydroperoxides that absorb UV radiation at 233 nm (i.e., the same wavelength as that of CDs). Furthermore, CDs are formed upon decomposition of hydroperoxides from a-linolenic acid, absorbing at 233 nm, whereas secondary oxidation products, particularly ethylenic diketones and a-unsatu-rated ketones, show a maximum absorbance at -268 nm. Carotenoid-containing oils may interfere in the assay by giving higher than expected absorbance values at 233 nm, due to the presence of double bonds in the conjugated structures of carotenoids. 

The results from the TBA test, known in older literature as the TBA number, are usually expressed as mg malonaldehyde/kg sample for methods a to c cited above (note that results have also been reported as nmol malonaldehyge/kg or g sample) and as mg of malonaldehyde per unit of lipid for method d. Since it is known that malonaldehyde is not the only aldehyde present in the sample extract and because other aldehydes are capable of producing the same red pigment with TBA when the conditions are favorable, the TBA number/value is more appropriately expressed as the TBARS value, i.e., mg malonaldehyde equivalents/kg sample. To confuse the matter, the AOCS method, which is based on the protocol reported by Pokomy and Dieffenbacher (1989) and permits the direct determination of TBA value in oils and fats without preliminary isolation of secondary oxidation products, defines the TBA value as the increase of absorbance measured at 532 nm due to the reaction of the equivalent of 1 mg of sample per 1 ml volume with... 

This method permits the direct determination of TBARS in oils and fats without preliminary isolation of secondary oxidation products. This protocol is applicable to animal and vegetable fats and oils, fatty acids and their esters, partial glycol esters, and similar materials (AOCS, 1998). 

Fig. 48 Reversed-phase HPLC of autoxidized rapeseed oil triacylglycerols (peroxide value = 393.8 meq/kg). See Fig. 45 for abbreviations and chromatographic conditions. Peaks correspond to both primary and secondary oxidation products of rapeseed oil triacylglycerols.

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