Scientific perspectives

Study type Required pre- or post-registration Use of radiolabel Identification of unknowns Need for mass balance Importance of low detection limits Importance of adjustable sampling frequency 

Field leaching (prospective groundwater study) Pre-/post- No No No High Medium 

The need to understand the fate of pesticides in the environment has necessitated the development of analytical methods for the determination of residues in environmental media. Adoption of methods utilizing instrumentation such as gas chro-matography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has allowed the detection of minute amounts of pesticides and their degradation products in environmental samples. Sample preparation techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) have also been important in the development of more reliable and sensitive analytical methods. 

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Marble. Art Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Ancient Sculpture, The J. Paul Getty Museum, MaHbu, Calif., 1990. 

Under US regulations, each institution conducting research with human subjects must have its own IRB. These perform the same functions as the Independent Ethics Committees in Europe, and should contain at least five members, one of which should be independent of the institution. There should be available a mixture of scientific and non-scientific expertise capable of assessing research proposals from legal, ethical and scientific perspectives. The IRB must grant written authorisation to the investigator before a study can commence. They are also responsible for on-going reviews of research, and must report to the FDA ... 

Scientific Perspectives on the Greenhouse Problem, The George C. Marshall Institute Washington, DC, 1989 37 p. 

For centuries, there have been many records in China relating to the health benefits of drinking tea. People have believed that tea can stimulate thought processes and mental alertness increase blood flow clear the urine and facilitate its flow prevent tooth decay increase the body s power of resistance to a wide range of diseases and prolong life expectancy. However, these claims were primarily anecdotal. It is only in the last few decades that the health benefits of tea are beginning to be demonstrated from a scientific perspective. Numerous recent reports on tea and human health have been examined and this chapter gives a brief review of certain aspects of current research. 

Repine, J.E. (1992). Scientific perspectives on adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 339, 466-469. 

Getty Museums (1990), Marble Art historical and scientific perspectives on ancient sculpture a symposium, /. Paul Getty Museum (April 28-30, 1988), Malibu. 

Zhang, L., Strong, J.M., Qiu, W., Lesko, L.J. and Huang, S.-M. (2006) Scientific perspectives on drug transporters and their role in drug interactions. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 3, 62-69. 

G. W. Cameron s Scientific Perspectives on Extraterrestrial Communication gives an excellent overview of current thinking on the subject. R. N. Bracewell s contribution printed in the same work was the basis of my own ideas about interstellar probes. 

Ponnamperuma, Cyril, and A. G. W. Cameron. Scientific Perspectives on Extraterrestrial Communication. Boston MIT Press, 1974. 

The SubChem project has produced numerous interesting scientific perspectives which require further examination. In the area of framework conditions, questions arise relating to the quality of markets or the type of competition as the main driving forces of innovation. An increased comprehension of the markets where companies (or supply chains) operate also reveals a novel appreciation of their scope and restrictions for action as well as their vulnerability towards other external influences. For example, market research explicidy devoted to the types of competition would be beneficial and provide comparative observations for a more precise classification than we have been able to discern with our resources. 

Kieflfer S. W. and Navrotsky A. (1985). Scientific perspective. In Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 14, P. H. Ribbe (series ed.)., Mineralogical Society of America. 

US-EPA has formed the Risk Assessment Forum, a standing committee of senior US-EPA scientists, to promote US-EPA consensus on difficult and controversial risk assessment issues and to ensure that this consensus is incorporated into appropriate US-EPA risk assessment guidance. To fulhil this purpose, the Forum assembles US-EPA risk assessment experts in a formal process to study and report on issues from a US-EPA scientific perspective. Major Fomm guidance documents are developed in accordance with the US-EPA s regulatory and policy development process and become US-EPA pohcy upon approval by the Administrator or the Deputy Administrator. The Risk Assessment Forum products include risk assessment guidelines, technical panel reports on special risk assessment issues, and peer consultation and peer review workshops addressing controversial risk assessment topics. 

From a scientific perspective, we work primarily with single exposures to chemicals to understand how the body reacts to a specific chemical. In real life, however, we are often exposed to a mixture of chemical agents. Multiple agents may interact and affect absorption or how the body reacts to the chemical. The body has a very sophisticated system to metabolize and eliminate chemicals from the body this system plays an important role in protecting us from hazardous substances. 

The authors of this book have a scientific perspective that is strongly influenced by thermodynamics, and a conviction that the thermodynamic approach still has continuing relevance and importance. Our aim is to demonstrate how an understanding of the thermodynamic basis of the interactions of food biopolymers in aqueous solution and at interfaces can be used by food scientists and engineers to design colloidal systems with novel or improved characteristics — physico-chemical, nutritional, or sensory. The book is arranged in four parts. 

Fenchel, T., 1977. Aspects of decomposition of seagrasses. In C.P. Me Roy and C. Hellferich (eds) Seagrass Ecosystems A Scientific Perspective. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp.123-195. 

The most recent advancements in the analysis of the triazines and their metabolites have generated a great deal of literature on the occurrence of triazines in the environment. Technology has provided us with tools to find chemicals in minute quantities that may not have any measurable level of risk associated with them. Detection in itself does not confer any measure of biological activity or risk, so it is important that risks are put into scientific perspective in reports on chemical occurrence in the environment. 

From the scientific perspective, an inappropriate study design is generally incapable of answering a research question, no matter how careful the subsequent methodology and analysis. Additionally, the perfect design will not provide optimum information if the research methodology is flawed or an inappropriate statistical analysis is conducted. From the ethical perspective, research subjects voluntarily take part in clinical trials with the understanding that their participation... 

Abstract These notes present the physics of gravitational lensing in various cosmological contexts. The equations and approximations that are commonly used to describe the displacement field or the amplification effects are presented. Several observational applications are discussed. They range from micro-lensing effects to cosmic shear detection that is a weak lensing effect induced by the large-scale structure of the Universe. The scientific perspectives of this latter application are presented in some details. 

Extrapolation results are, by definition, predictions on the performance of entities for which data are lacking. Both from a scientific perspective as well as from the perspective of practical decisions based on extrapolation, there is a need to consider not only the outcomes of an extrapolation per se but also the question of whether the outcome is supported by a certain degree of validity. All this relates to the issue generally referred to as validation. ... 

From a scientific perspective, the artificial silk experiments have provided insight into the morphology of reconstituted silk. In the spinning dope, fibroin molecules adapt a random coil or other less extended conformations. 

From a scientific perspective, the greatest degree of predictability will occur if 2D and 3D architectures can be generated from first principles. Indeed, in the case of the latter, the only degree of unpredictability would appear to relate to whether subtle conformational effects occur or, in the case of open framework structures, as to whether or not interpenetration occurs. 

Szczesniak, A.S. (1998). Sensory testing profiling historical and scientific perspectives. Food Technol. 52(8), 54-57. 

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