Guidelines for risk assessment

Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment Guidelines for Chemical Mixtures Risk Assessment... 

EnHealth Council (2004) Environmental health risk assessment guidelines for assessing human health risks from environmental hazards. Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Health and Ageing, Population Health Division, June (http //www.health.gov.au/intemet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-ehra-2004.htm). 

U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1991b. General Quantitative Risk Assessment Guidelines for Noncancer Health Effects. 

Evaluation and interpretation of the DNT and comparative cholinesterase study data are conducted in accordance with agency risk assessment guidelines for developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, and neurotoxicity (EPA, 1991b, 1996, 1998e). Risk as.se.ssinents. including determination of reference values and application of traditional uncertainty factors in the calculations, are conducted ba.sed on historically established principles (NAS, 1983). 

Potential to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms Certain pharmaceuticals are exempted from classification as for various reasons they are considered not to cause any environmental effect. This is in line with the EU s environmental risk assessment guidelines for medicinal products (see Sect. 38.2.2.2). 

The cancer risk equation described below estimates tlie incremental individual lifetime cancer risk for simultaneous exposure to several carcinogens and is based on EPA s risk assessment guidelines. Tliis equation represents an approximation of the precise equation for combining risks wliich accounts for tlie joint probabilities of tlie same individual developing cancer as a consequence of exposure to two or more carcinogens. The difference between tlie precise equation and tlie approximation described is negligible for total cancer risks less tlian 0.1. Thus, tlie simple additive equation is appropriate for most risk assessments. The cancer risk equation for multiple substances is given by ... 

Note The souree for the above risk values is Table III-7, Preliminary Caneer Poteuey Values for Uie Air Toxies Hot Spots aet, found in California Air Pollution Control Offieers Assoeiation, Air Toxics Hot Spots Program, Revised 1192 Risk Assessment Guidelines," page III-28, published Oetober 1993. 

The series of Risk Assessment Guidelines does not include a guideline for acute toxicity risk assessment. 

A specific guidance document for irritation/corrosion has not been published by WHO/IPCS. The series of US-EPA Risk Assessment Guidelines does not include a guideline regarding risk assessment of irritation/corrosion. 

The series of Risk Assessment Guidelines includes a guideline for neurotoxicity risk assessment (US-EPA 1998). This Guideline sets forth principles and procedures to guide US-EPA scientists in evaluating environmental contaminants that may pose neurotoxic risks, and inform US-EPA decision-makers and the public about these procedures. The Guideline includes a discussion of general dehnitions and issues, an overview of test methods, and the interpretation of data within the U.S. framework for risk assessment. 

California Air Resources Board/Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Benzol a] pyrene as a Toxic Air Contaminant (1994) Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment/California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Toxics Hot Spot Program Risk Assessment Guideline, Part II Technical Support Document for Describing Available Cancer Potency Factors (1998) Collins et al. (1998). 

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Toxics Hot Spot Program Risk Assessment Guideline Part II Technical Support Document for Describing Available Cancer Potency Factors, 1998. 

Risk assessment is an empirically based process that estimates the risk of adverse effects from exposure of an individual or population to a chemical, physical or biological agent. The OECD test guidelines, the US EPA risk assessment guidelines and additional risk assessment procedures for new and existing chemicals have been published and put into use by many different countries in Europe, the Americas and Asia (United Kingdom Department of Health, 1991,1995 EC, 1994,1996 Health Canada, 1994 IPCS, 1994 Hertel, 1996). A list of assessments produced by various national and international agencies on specific chemicals is included in ECETOC/UNEP (1996). 

RELs). The Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part 1 The Determination of Acute Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne Toxicants, March 1999 and the Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III The Determination of Chronic Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne Toxicants, www.oehha.ca.gov/air/allrels.html (accessed 11 May 2009). 

THIS CHAPTER contains a brief description of the methods used by toxicologists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to derive the U.S. Army s interim reference doses (RfDs) for GA, GB, GD, VX, sulfur mustard, and lewisite. Those methods were based on the procedures outlined by the U.S. Enviromnental Protection Agency for Superfund risk assessment guidelines (EPA 1989) and for reference concentrations (EPA 1994). An alternative method, the benchmark-dose (BD) approach (Crump 1984) is also described. Because uncertainty factors are integral to both approaches, further consideration is also given to the statistical distribution and confidence associated with them. 

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