Large scale structures

Both survey methods are mainly employed to define large scale structures such as basins. Based on the resulting maps, seismic surveys are then carried out. 

Table 1.3 shows a rough breakdown of material prices. Materials for large-scale structural use - wood, cement and concrete, and structural steel - cost between UK 50 and UK 500 (US 75 and US 750) per tonne. There are many materials which have all the other properties required of a structural material - nickel or titanium, for example - but their use in this application is eliminated by their price. 

Internal coordinate molecular modeling is an efficient instrument with specific advantages that make it an indispensable complement to other existing approaches. It is best suited for simulation and analysis of large-scale structural transformations in biomacro-mole-cules, and at present ICMD is generally considered the most powerful tool in conforma-... 

In the human brain, very large numbers of neurons are connected in a three-dimensional mesh of great complexity (Figure 2.2). Each neuron is a simple computational unit which, on its own, can accomplish little. When many of them are joined in a large-scale structure, however, the ensemble is capable of impressive feats of computation (such as making sense of the words on this page). 

The /1CDM paradigm for structure formation in the Universe, described in many hundreds of published papers, is very effective at reproducing observed large scale structure, based on a boundary condition of a scale-free Gaussian random power spectrum. Yet ACDM contains no information on the physics of whatever makes up CDM, and remains deficient in its description of galaxies and small-scale structures thus it is on galaxy scales and smaller where we can still learn the most, and hopefully attach some (astro-)physics to an ab initio power spectrum. 

The formation of galaxies and large-scale structure according to the Cold Dark Matter theory is described by... 

Pulsation in a spray is generated by hydrodynamic instabilities and waves on liquid surfaces, even for continuous supply of liquid and air to the atomizer. Dense clusters of droplets are projected into spray chamber at frequencies very similar to those of the liquid surface waves. The clusters interact with small-scale turbulent structures of the air in the core of the spray, and with large-scale structures of the air in the shear and entrainment layers of outer regions of the spray. The phenomenon of cluster formation accounts for the observation of many flame surfaces rather than a single flame in spray combustion. Each flame surrounds a cluster of droplets, and ignition and combustion appear to occur in configurations of flames surrounding droplet clusters rather than individual droplets. 

The large-scale structure of polymer chains in a good solvent is that of a self-avoiding random walk (SAW), but in melts it is that of a random walk (RW).11 The large-scale structure of these mathematical models, however, is... 

Very low-frequency vibrations have been observed in proteins (e.g., Brown et al., 1972 Genzel et al., 1976), which must involve concerted motion of rather large portions of the structure. By choosing a suitable set of proteins to measure (preferably in solution), it should be possible to decide approximately what structural modes are involved. Candidates include helix torsion, coupled changes of peptide orientation in /3 strands, and perhaps relative motions of entire domains or subunits. These hypotheses should be tested, because the low-frequency vibrations probably reflect large-scale structural properties that would be very useful to know. 

Yu, K., A. Trouve, and S. Candel. 1991. Combustion enhancement of a premixed flame by acoustic forcing with emphasis on role of large-scale structures. AIAA Paper No. 91-0367. 

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