Scientific function

The practices contained in this section apply to Standard Software Packages (e.g., spreadsheets, text processors, database programs, CAD systems, graphics packages, and programs for technical or scientific functions) that are considered part of a computer system. By definition, this includes noncustomized application software that has been purchased and that has not been modified. 

Mathematics—field dealing with numbers and number operations. Process technicians use a variety of mathematical and scientific functions to perform their jobs. Some of the terms used in this area include ... 

Process technicians use a variety of mathematical and scientific functions to perform their normal Job responsibilities. 

A nice quotation in [11] illuminates this point from another angle " It is easier to distinguish between the scientific function and the engineering function than to distinguish between the man who should be called a scientist and who should be termed an engineer. Many men perform both functions, and do it very well...". 

To allow objectivity of the findings, ElA s are usually carried out by independent specialists or organisations. It will involve not only scientific experts, but also require consultation with official and representative bodies such as the government ministries for the environment, fisheries, food, agriculture, and local water authorities. In activities which may impact on local population (terminals, refineries, access roads, land developments) local representatives of the inhabitants may be consulted, and the public affairs function... 

Becke A D 1995 Exchange-correlation approximations in density-functional theory Modern Eiectronic Structure Theory vol 2, ed D R Yarkony (Singapore World Scientific) pp 1022-46... 

Sprik M 1998 Density functional techniques for simulation of chemical reactions Classioal and Quantum Dynamios In Condensed Phase Simulations ed B J Berne, G Ciccotti and D F Coker (Singapore World Scientific) pp 285-309... 

The requiiements for scientific software development have continually increased. Besides the algorithmic core functionality, nowadays there is often a demand for a graphical user interface. In addition to the increasing importance of this visible component, which may still be seen as just an add-on, the software development itself has to fulfill stronger demands on software engineering requirements, such as maintainability and recoverability. 

Some scientific studies indicate that the gam in performance obtained through the use of anabolic steroids is small This may be a case though in which the anecdotal evidence of the athletes may be closer to the mark than the scientific studies The scientific studies are done under ethical conditions in which patients are treated with prescription level doses of steroids A 240 pound offensive tackle ( too small by todays standards) may take several ana bolic steroids at a time at 10-20 times their pre scribed doses in order to weigh the 280 pounds he (or his coach) feels is necessary The price athletes pay for gams in size and strength can be enormous This price includes emotional costs (friendships lost because of heightened aggressiveness) sterility testicular atro phy (the testes cease to function once the body starts to obtain a sufficient supply of testosterone like steroids from outside) and increased risk of prema ture death from liver cancer or heart disease... 

In order to balance public domain science with a high quality commercial software product it has been necessary for us to reimplement almost every aspect of computational chemistry embodied in HyperChem. All HyperChem source code is written in C or C-t-t, specified, designed, and implemented by Hyper-Chem s developers. We have stood on the scientific shoulders of giants, but we have not used their FORTRAN code Thus, although we have had access to MOPAC and other public domain codes for testing and other purposes, HyperChem computes MINDO, MNDO, and AMI wave functions, for example, with HyperChem code, not MOPAC code. We have made the effort to implement modern chemical science in a modern software-engineered product. 

Unconstrained optimization methods [W. H. Press, et. al.. Numerical Recipes The Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press, 1986, Chapter 10] can use values of only the objective function, or of first derivatives of the objective function, second derivatives of the objective function, etc. HyperChem uses first derivative information and, in the Block Diagonal Newton-Raphson case, second derivatives for one atom at a time. HyperChem does not use optimizers that compute the full set of second derivatives (the Hessian) because it is impractical to store the Hessian for macromolecules with thousands of atoms. A future release may make explicit-Hessian methods available for smaller molecules but at this release only methods that store the first derivative information, or the second derivatives of a single atom, are used. 

It is much easier to determine the standard deviation using a scientific calculator with built-in statistical functions. ... 

The Federal Food, Dmg and Cosmetic (FDAC) Act defines dmgs as "...articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man..." and "articles (other than food) intended to affect the stmcture of any function of the body of man." In the United States and elsewhere, the introduction of a new dmg is subject to a sequence of weU-defined stages of development and approval (4). Each stage involves either scientific testing or submission and preparation of data and analysis review (Fig. 2). 

Tosa, andT. Sato iaj. E. Kennedy, ed.. Biotechnology Vol. 7a, Vedag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 1987, pp. 653—684 H. Yamada andT. Nagasawa in H. Yamada, ed. Development of tdew Functions ofEn me (in Japanese), Kodansha Scientific, Tokyo, Japan, 1987, pp. 1—74 H. Yamada and S. Shimizu in J. Tramper, H. C. van der Plas, and P. Linko, eds., Biocataljsts in Organic Syntheses Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Nethedands, 1986, p. 19. 

In 1981, Chinese Restaurant Asthma was reported following capsule administration of MSG to several asthmatics (37). However, the researchers failed to account for other allergens to which the subjects could have been exposed and did not utilize the scientific practice of a "control" substance which would have helped to determine if glutamate triggered this response. In a double-blind crossover study, chronic asthmatics were challenged with MSG or a placebo. No decrease in pulmonary function was observed (39). 

Disciplined Approach to Problem Definition Specific technical objectives Quality function deployment or similar process Acquisition of background, literature, etc Networked to many technology resources Scientific Method... 

Rheometric Scientific markets several devices designed for characterizing viscoelastic fluids. These instmments measure the response of a Hquid to sinusoidal oscillatory motion to determine dynamic viscosity as well as storage and loss moduH. The Rheometric Scientific line includes a fluids spectrometer (RFS-II), a dynamic spectrometer (RDS-7700 series II), and a mechanical spectrometer (RMS-800). The fluids spectrometer is designed for fairly low viscosity materials. The dynamic spectrometer can be used to test soHds, melts, and Hquids at frequencies from 10 to 500 rad/s and as a function of strain ampHtude and temperature. It is a stripped down version of the extremely versatile mechanical spectrometer, which is both a dynamic viscometer and a dynamic mechanical testing device. The RMS-800 can carry out measurements under rotational shear, oscillatory shear, torsional motion, and tension compression, as well as normal stress measurements. Step strain, creep, and creep recovery modes are also available. It is used on a wide range of materials, including adhesives, pastes, mbber, and plastics. 

Physiological functions as well as clinical symptoms that occur in humans deficient in specific vitamins are given in Table 6. It is becoming more authenticated that vitamins have additional potential health benefits when adrninistered, via the diet or by supplementation, at levels above those required for obviating deficiency. Although for most vitamins the optimal levels are not yet estabUshed, some of the potential health benefits to be derived from vitamins are indicated (16). In one case, the level of scientific proof is such that the U.S. FDA has allowed "a health cl aim that women who are capable of... 

The natural laws in any scientific or technological field are not regarded as precise and definitive until they have been expressed in mathematical form. Such a form, often an equation, is a relation between the quantity of interest, say, product yield, and independent variables such as time and temperature upon which yield depends. When it happens that this equation involves, besides the function itself, one or more of its derivatives it is called a differential equation. 

T. Colborn and C. Clement, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology Volnme XXL Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development The Wildlife/Human Connection, Princeton Scientific, New Jersey, 1992. 

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