Sample flame atomic absorption spectrometry

KmetovV, Stepanova V, Hristozov D, Georgieva D and Canals A (2003) Determination of calcium, iron and manganese in moss by automated discrete sampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry as an alternative to the ICP-MS analysis. Talanta 59 123-136. 

F. de Souza Dias, L. S. Alves, W. N. Lopes dos Santos, R. E. Bruns and M. A. Bezerra, Mixture design optimisation of an analytical procedure for iron extraction and determination from cassava leaves by slurry sampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Spectrosc. Lett., 2011, 44(6), 388-392. 

Regarding FAAS, only a work by Flores et al. has employed PLS to quantify Cd in marine and river sediments measured by direct solid sampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Cruz, R. B. and Loon, J. C. van "A Critical Study of the Application of Graphite-Furnace Non-Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry to the Determination of Trace Base Metals In Complex Heavy-Matrix Sample Solutions". Anal. Chlm. Acta (1974), 72, 231-243. 

Fang et al. [661] have described a flow injection system with online ion exchange preconcentration on dual columns for the determination of trace amounts of heavy metal at pg/1 and sub-pg/1 levels by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Fig. 5.17). The degree of preconcentration ranges from a factor of 50 to 105 for different elements, at a sampling frequency of 60 samples per hour. The detection limits for copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium are 0.07, 0.03, 0.5, and 0.05 pg/1, respectively. Relative standard deviations are 1.2-3.2% at pg/1 levels. The behaviour of the various chelating exchangers used was studied with respect to their preconcentration characteristics, with special emphasis on interferences encountered in the analysis of seawater. 

Tony et al. [951] have discussed an online preconcentration flame atomic absorption spectrometry method for determining iron, cobalt, nickel, magnesium, and zinc in seawater. A sampling rate of 30 samples per hour was achieved and detection limits were 4.0,1.0,1.0,0.5, and 0.5 xg/l, for iron, cobalt, nickel, magnesium, and zinc, respectively. 

Klenke et al. [5] described a technique for extraction of humic and fulvic acids from stream sediments and outlined methods for their determination. By means of flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the levels of environmentally important heavy metals (cadmium, copper, chromium, cobalt, nickel and lead) in the fulvic and humic acid extracts were compared with those in the original sediment samples. The pattern distribution of the respective metals in the two cases showed very close agreement, suggesting that the combined extract of humic and fulvic acids could be used as an indicator of the level of heavy metal pollution in flowing waters. 

Thiocyanate Human serum, urine, saliva Extraction of buffered (pH 7) 2-benzoyl pyridine thiosemi-carbazone and sample with isoamyl acetate Flame atomic absorption spectrometry 4 ng/mL 96-102 Chattaraj and Das 1992... 

A number of applications of flow-injection techniques have been made to flame atomic absorption spectrometry [22]. Although manifolds can be connected directly to the nebuhzer, the response of the spectrometer is dependent on the flow rate of the sample into the nebuhzer [23], and some adjustment to the manifold may be required. The optimum flow rate for maximum response when the sample enters the nebuhzer as a discrete sample plug can be different from that found for analysis of a continuous sample stream. 

Lei et al. reported a method for the indirect determination of trace amounts of procaine in human serum by atomic absorption spectrophotometry [54], The sample was mixed with HCIO4, heated at 85°C for 30 minutes, diluted to a known volume with water, and centrifuged. 1 mL of the supernatant solution was buffered with 0.1 M sodium acetate-acetic acid to pH 3.86, and mixed with 0.2 M Zn(SCN)j reagent to a final concentration of 0.1 M. After dilution to 50 mL with water, the solution was shaken for 1 minute with 10 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane, whereupon the zinc extracted into the organic phase was determined by air-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the indirect determination of procaine. The detection limit was found to be 0.1 pg/g, with a recovery of 89-98% and a coefficient of variation (n = 10) equal to 3.2%. 

Flame atomic absorption spectrometry can be used to determine trace levels of analyte in a wide range of sample types, with the proviso that the sample is first brought into solution. The methods described in Section 1.6 are all applicable to FAAS. Chemical interferences and ionization suppression cause the greatest problems, and steps must be taken to reduce these (e.g. the analysis of sea-water, refractory geological samples or metals). The analysis of oils and organic solvents is relatively easy since these samples actually provide fuel for the flame however, build-up of carbon in the burner slot must be avoided. Most biological samples can be analysed with ease provided that an appropriate digestion method is used which avoids analyte losses. 

Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) can be used to detect most elements present at levels greater than about 100 pg 1 . For more sensitive determinations graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) is the technique of choice. In addition, if the volume of the fraction is limited GFAAS is ideally suited for the determination because only a few microfitres (5-20 pi) of sample... 

Hydride generation for analytical use was introduced at the end of the 1960s using arsine formation (Marshal Reaction) in flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). A simple experimental setup for a hydride generator is shown in Figure 5.18. Today, hydride generation,91,92 which is the most widely utilized gas phase sample introduction system in ICP-MS, has been developed into... 

M. C. Yebra and S. Cancela, Continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction of cadmium from legumes and dried fruit samples coupled with on-line preconcentration-flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 382(4), 2005, 1093-1098. 

M. C. Yebra and A. Moreno-Cid, On-line determination of manganese in solid seafood samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 477(1), 2003, 149-155. 

E. M. M. Flores, J. N. G. Paniz, A. P. F. Saidelles, E. 1. Muller and A. B. da Costa, Direct cadmium determination in sediment samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using multivariate calibration procedures, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 18, 2003, 769-774. 

Zinc was determined in filtered samples (0.45 xm pore size) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration. For the preconcentration, 8-hydroxyquinoline was added as a chelating agent to the acidified samples and subsequently buffered to pH 8. The hydroxyquinoline complexes were collected on C-18 columns (Baker) and eluted with 0.6 M HCl (modified after ref. 34). The preconcentration factor was 40. Blank values of this method were 2-3 nM Zn reproducibility was 1.5 nM. Recovery of Zn spikes added to lake water was 90-100%. 

Atomic spectrometric methods Here, the entire sample is atomized or ionized either by flame or inductively coupled plasma and transferred into the detector. The most common techniques in this class are flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). A general characteristic of these methods is the determination of the total concentration of the analyte without the direct possibility of distinguishing its specific forms in the sample. 

To avoid problems previously encountered with flame atomic absorption spectrometry of arsenic, and also with flameless methods such as that in which the dementis converted to arsine, Ohta and Suzuki [25] proposed an alternative method based on electrothermal ionisation with a metal microtube atomiser. Effective atomisation can be achieved by the addition of thiourea to the arsenic solution or by preliminary extraction of the arsenic-thionalide complex. The second method is recommended for soil samples so as to avoid interference due to the presence of trace elements. 

Farajzadeh, M.A. and M.R. Fallahi. 2006. Simultaneous cloud-point extraction of nine cations from water samples and their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Sci. 22 635-640. 

Anthemidis, A.N. and K.-I.G. Ioannou. 2006. Evaluation of polychlorotrifluoroethylene as sorbent material for on-line solid phase extraction systems Determination of copper and lead by flame atomic absorption spectrometry in water samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 575 126-132. 

Since some form of liquid sample presentation is common to most atomic spectrometric techniques, these may be considered as the method of choice for the identification and quantification of trace metals in liquid foods. In spectrometric techniques, after conversion of the sample into microspray, chemical flames as in flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and atomic... 

I. Narin, M. Soylak, Enrichment and determinations of nickel (II), cadmium(II), copper(II), cobalt(II), and lead(II) ions in natural waters, table salts, tea and urine samples as pyrrolydine dithiocarbamate chelates by membrane filtration-flame atomic absorption spectrometry combination, Anal. Chim. Acta, 493 (2003), 205-212. 

Determination of yttrium and the rare earth elements in South African reference sample NIM-18/69 by graphite-furnace and flame atomic-absorption spectrometry [186]. 

Tyson, J.F., Bysouth, S.R. Network flow injection manifolds for sample dilution and calibration in flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3, 211-215 (1988)... 

Miller-Ihli, N.J. Trace element determinations in foods and biological samples using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44, 2675-2679 (1996)... 

Liang, P., Zhao, E., Ding, Q., Du, D. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes microcolumn preconcentration and determination of gold in geological and water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta B 63, 714—717 (2008)... 

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was adopted as the second method of analysis and since low volumes of air were sampled, only a limited number of elements were detected in the collected particles (calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, and zinc). Aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, and nickel were not detected in any of the samples. This resulted in a limited... 

ETA-AAS, Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry FAAS, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry HG-AAS, Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ICP-AES, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ID-MS, Isotopic Dilution Mass Spectrometry NAA, Neutron Activation Analysis Q-ICP-MS, Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry SS-Z-ETA-AAS, Solid Sampling Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Z-ETA-AAS, Zeeman Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry... 

---