Anion-dominant

Surfactants used as lubricants are added to polymer resins to improve the flow characteristics of the plastic during processing they also stabilise the cells of polyurethane foams during the foaming process. Surfactants are either nonionic (e.g. fatty amides and alcohols), cationic, anionic (dominating class e.g. alkylbenzene sulfonates), zwitterionic, hetero-element or polymeric (e.g. EO-PO block copolymers). Fluorinated anionic surfactants or super surfactants enable a variety of surfaces normally regarded as difficult to wet. These include PE and PP any product required to wet the surface of these polymers will benefit from inclusion of fluorosurfactants. Surfactants are frequently multicomponent formulations, based on petro- or oleochemicals. 

Studies of the tautomeric state of 1,2,4-thiadiazines have been more or less confined to the biologically active 1,2,4-benzothiadiazines. Ultraviolet spectroscopic studies suggest that the 4//-tautomer of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazines, e.g. 152, is preferred in ethanol (60JOC970) in alkali, the anion dominates. Extended Hiickel molecular orbital calculations (70MI2) and 13C-NMR studies (79T2151) confirm this view (Scheme 6). 

The end-point at pH 4.3 occurs at about 0.0031 moles HC1, giving an alkalinity of (following the example calculation on p. 63) 0.0031 x 100.08 x 0.5 = 0.155gL 1, or 155mgL-1. This is almost exactly the analyzed alkalinity of 153 mgL-1, meaning that carbonate anions dominate in this solution. However, this does not give us the total carbonate content. 

It can be seen for the [N(Tf)2] ionic liquids, that the hydrogen-bond acidity does indeed vary with cation with [BMIM]+ being the most acidic followed by [BMPYJ+ and finally [BMMIMJ+ in both studies. However, changing to more basic anions leads to a dramatic drop in the acidity measurements in the solvation study, whereas it has only a limited effect in the Kamlet-Taft experiment. That is, the solvation measurement is anion dominated, whereas the Kamlet-Taft measurement is cation dominated. 

It is well known that changes in redox states of EAPs require movement of ions in order to maintain electroneutrality. Electrochemical neutralization of p-doped polymers can be anion-dominant (anions are expelled from the polymer film), cation-dominant (cations diffuse into the polymer film), or a combination of both anion and cation movements [14,15]. The dominant process varies from polymer to polymer and is strongly affected by ion and solvent choices as well as by electropolymerization conditions and film thickness [16]. Typically for p-doping polymers, anion transport dominates when the anion is small and highly mobile, but cation transport dominates when the anion is large and immobile [17-19]. For instance, redox processes in polypyrrole are anion-dominant in most cases, but when poly(styrenesulfonate) is chosen as the counterion, cation transport is the dominant process [20-23]. 

In the case of anion dominated redox processes of conjugated polymers, the reaction can be expressed as ... 

In 1999 Blanchard et al. reported a good solubility of carbon dioxide in l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate at high pressures, while the ionic liquid did not dissolve in carbon dioxide. Therefore, supercritical carbon dioxide is suited to extract organic solutes from ionic liquids, and also continuous flow homogeneous catalysis in ionic liquids carbon dioxide systems is possible. First spectroscopic studies show that the anion dominates the interactions with carbon dioxide by Lewis acid-base interactions. However, the strength of carbon dioxide anion interactions did not correlate with carbon dioxide solubility. Thus, strong anion-carbon dioxide interactions were excluded as major cause for the carbon dioxide solubility in ionic liquids. Instead, a correlation of carbon dioxide solubility and the ionic liquid molar volume was observed. Additionally, a significant volume decrease of dissolved carbon dioxide was... 

Recently, a series of IL electrolytes were tested for their applications in Li-S cells. Traditionally, the TFSI anion dominates the anion part of the ILs for the Li-S electrolytes, while typical cation examples are including the l-butyl-3- methyl-imidazolium (BMIM), l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIM), 1-butyl-1-methy Ipyrrolidinium (PYR14), and 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium (PiP14) in Fig. 11 [18]. As in the traditional liquid electrolyte systems, the physical properties determine the solubility power charge distribution, polarity, viscosity and so forth. In the IL systems, however, the permittivity is largely independent of the combination of cations and anions, while variation in cations and anions affects the molecular level interactions, type/strengtii, and solvation. Due to unique properties, the ILs were studied as effective liquid electrolytes for the Li-S cells. 

It is understood that inorganic phosphate chemistry is anion dominated. Once an anion such as tetrameta-, tripoly-, hexameta-, etc. has been prepared as one of its salts, there is usually very little problem converting it to another cationic species without violating the integrity of an anion. In other words, it is usually not difficult to convert a sodium salt to a potassium salt even though the potassium salt is not a member of any potassium phosphate phases and cannot be crystallized directly from a melt. This is not always true, as will be discussed in Section 6.2.5. 

J. R. Reynolds, M. Pyo, and Y.-J. Qiu, Cation and anion dominated ion transport during electrochemical switching of polypyrrole controlled by polymer-ion interactions, Synth. Met. 55-57 1388 (1993). 

Iso K, Okada T. (2000) Evaluation of electrostatic potential induced by anion-dominated partition into zwitterionic micelles and origin of selectivity in anion uptake. Langmuir 16 9199-9204. 

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