Mineral elements

The utilization of the macro element calcium is impaired by a high intake of lead, magnesium, aluminum and phytate, that of magnesium by lead, calcium, nickel, and phytate, and that of phosphorus by magnesium, calcium, and phytate. Several experiments in animals have strikingly illustrated the importance of a trace element dietary balance in determining the safe intake of a particular macro, trace or ultratrace element (O Dell 1997, Griin et al. 

Reichlmayer and Kirchgessner 1997, Mertz 1987, Oberleas et al. 1999, Anke et al. 1970,1988,1997c, 1997d, Beyersmann et al. 1991). 

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Many plant substances possess antivitamin D activity but the mode of action and in most cases the identity remain unknown. Rachitogenic factors have been observed in yeast. Because of the metaboHc interrelationships that exist between vitamin D, Ca, and P, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between chelators of mineral elements and tme antivitamins. One reported vitamin D antagonist in oats was later identified as phytic acid (72). 

Calcium. Calcium, the most abundant mineral element in mammals, comprises 1.5- -2.0 wt % of the adult human body, over 99 wt % of which... 

Some nut trees accumulate mineral elements. Hickory nut is notable as an accumulator of aluminum compounds (30) the ash of its leaves contains up to 37.5% of AI2O2, compared with only 0.032% of aluminum oxide in the ash of the Fnglish walnut s autumn leaves. As an accumulator of rare-earth elements, hickory greatly exceeds all other plants their leaves show up to 2296 ppm of rare earths (scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). The amounts of rare-earth elements found in parts of the hickory nut are kernels, at 5 ppm shells, at 7 ppm and shucks, at 17 ppm. The kernel of the Bra2d nut contains large amounts of barium in an insoluble form when the nut is eaten, barium dissolves in the hydrochloric acid of the stomach. 

The elemental and vitamin compositions of some representative yeasts are Hsted in Table 1. The principal carbon and energy sources for yeasts are carbohydrates (usually sugars), alcohols, and organic acids, as weU as a few other specific hydrocarbons. Nitrogen is usually suppHed as ammonia, urea, amino acids or oligopeptides. The main essential mineral elements are phosphoms (suppHed as phosphoric acid), and potassium, with smaller amounts of magnesium and trace amounts of copper, zinc, and iron. These requirements are characteristic of all yeasts. The vitamin requirements, however, differ among species. Eor laboratory and many industrial cultures, a commercial yeast extract contains all the required nutrients (see also Mineral nutrients). 

Table 15. Mineral Element Content of Cocoa and Chocolate Products., mg/100g ...

Mineral elements in biological tissue sections, derivation and use of equation for determination, 301-305 Minerals, analysis, use of borax flux by Claisse in, 173, 207, 209 use of curved-crystal spectrograph for small samples in, 206, 207 assay by x-ray emission spectrography, 199-209... 

Tin plate, thickness of tin coating on, determination by x-ray spectrography, 148, 149, 157, 158 Tissues, determination of dry weight by absorptiometry, 297-300 Tissue sections, biological, determination of mineral elements in, 301-305 Titanium, as internal standard in vanadium determination, 188 determination by x-ray emission spectrography, 222, 329 trace analysis by x-ray emission spectrography, 163, 225-229 Topaz, as analyzing crystal, 116-118, 220, 318-327 Total reflection, 112, 117... 

Besides water, the diet must provide metabolic fuels (mainly carbohydrates and lipids), protein (for growth and turnover of tissue proteins), fiber (for roughage), minerals (elements with specific metabolic functions), and vitamins and essential fatty acids (organic compounds needed in small amounts for essential metabolic and physiologic functions). The polysaccharides, tri-acylglycerols, and proteins that make up the bulk of the diet must be hydrolyzed to their constituent monosaccharides, fatty acids, and amino acids, respectively, before absorption and utilization. Minerals and vitamins must be released from the complex matrix of food before they can be absorbed and utifized. 

Inorganic mineral elements that have a function in the body must be provided in the diet. When the intake is insufficient, deficiency symptoms may arise, eg, ane-... 

The content of mineral substances in honey samples ranges from 0.2 to 10.3 g/kg (White, 1975). Potassium is the main mineral element with an... 

Owing to the prohibition of chemosynthetic pesticides under organic farming standards, there is a greatly reduced availability of intervention/treatment-based methods for disease and pest control in organic fruit production systems. The efficacy of the permitted biological control, extract or mineral element (e.g. S and Cu)-based crop protection products is also usually lower than of chemosynthetic pesticides. Permitted plant protection products show efficacies of between 60 and 80% while chemosynthetic fungicides and pesticides often have efficacy levels >95% (Tamm et al., 2004). 

Ling, J.R. and R.M. Leach, Jr. 1979. Studies on nickel metabolism interaction with other mineral elements. Poult. Sci. 58 591-596. 

Kuhn AJ, Schroder WH, Bauch J. On the distribution and transport of mineral elements in xylem, cambium and phloem of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Holz-forschung 1997 51 487-496. 

The biogeochemical turnover of nitrogen is about 50 kg/ha per year. A similar value was shown for the turnover of total mineral elements, 47 kg/ha/yr. The relevant values for various trace and macroelements are shown in Table 8. 

Note When used at the rate of 13.369 g/kg of diet, mineral elements other than Ca and P will be supplied to the diet at rates similar to those provided by 35.0 g/kg of 170915. 

RYDEN, J.C., LOCKYER, D.R. andERISTOW, A.W. (1984). Circulation of mineral elements within the environment of forage plants. Nitrogen. Annual Report... 

Grattan, S.R., Grieve, C.M. Mineral element acquisition and growth response of plants grown in saline environments. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 38(4), 275-300 (1992)... 

The third method for assessing accuracy is to calculate an elemental composition for each LTA s corresponding oxidized ash, based on the reference mineral elemental compositions. Reasonably close agreement between the actual (obtained by ICP-AES) and calculated elemental compositions would substantiate (but not prove) the mineral analysis. The standard error of prediction (SEP) for... 

There are three main reasons for digesting soils in hot acid - to determine the organic carbon content, to extract mineral elements for their total content, and to determine total nitrogen by the Kjeldahl digestion. 

ARC] Agricultural Research Council (1963) Report of Group on Comparison of Methods of Analysis of Mineral Elements in Plants. Agricultural Research Council, London, 52 pp. 

P. Varo, P. Koivistoinen, Mineral element composition of Finnish foods, Acta Agric. Scand. (Suppl. 22) (1980) 165-171. 

Humans require at least 22 mineral elements for their wellbeing (White and Broadley, 2005a). Potatoes are an excellent source of these elements (Storey and Davies, 1992 White et al., 2009). A single, medium-sized potato weighing 200 g fresh weight can provide about 26% of the US... 

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of Cu, 17-18% of the DRI of K, P, and Fe, and between 5 and 13% of the DRI of Zn, Mg, and Mn (Table 5.1). Potatoes are generally not rich in Ca, but can be a valuable source of trace elements, such as Se and I, if fertilized appropriately (Eurola et al., 1989 Poggi et al., 2000 Turakainen et al., 2004 Broadley et al., 2006). Moreover, since potato tubers have relatively high concentrations of organic compounds that stimulate the absorption of mineral micronutrients by humans, such as ascorbate (vitamin C), protein cysteine and various organic and amino acids (USDA, 2006), and low concentrations of compounds that limit their absorption, such as phytate (0.11-0.27% dry matter Frossard et al., 2000 Phillippy et al., 2004) and oxalate (0.03% dry matter Bushway et al., 1984), the bioavailability of mineral elements in potatoes is potentially high. 

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