Alluvial soil

Alluvial soil formed of a number of layers of non-uniform non-homogeneous soil of different stratifications... 

Brahmaprakash GP, Panda S, Sethunathan N. 1987. Relative persistence of hexachlorocyclohexane, methyl parathion and carbofuran in an alluvial soil under flooded and non-flooded conditions. Agric Ecos Environ 19 29-39. 

The extraction method for prohexadione-calcium in soil was developed using alluvial soil and volcanic ash soil. Extraction by shaking the soil with a mixture of 1N sulfuric acid-acetonitrile (1 3, v/v) and/or of 1N sulfuric acid-acetone (1 3, v/v) showed an acceptable extraction recovery efficiency. 

The method was developed/validated using two typical rice field soils (alluvial soil and volcanic ash soil). In the extraction efficiency study, a soil sample that had been incubated for about 8 months under flooded conditions after addition of... 

In alluvial soil, there was no great difference in the extraction efficiencies among the various solvent combinations tested, with acetone, acidic acetone or alkaline acetone, for reflux extraction. 

Fresquez PR, Armstrong DR, Mullen MA, et al. 1998b. The uptake of radionuclides by beans, squash, and com growing in contaminated alluvial soils at Los Alamos National Laboratory. J Environ Sci Health B 33(1) 99-122. 

Pierzynski GM, Schwab AP. 1993. Bioavailability of zinc, cadmium, and lead in a metal contaminated alluvial soil. J Environ Qual 22 247-254. 

One of the characteristic features of Reg soils is the vesicular nature of the uppermost soil horizon. The size distribution of the vesicles is up to a few mm in diameter. Similar vesicular structures were also observed in lithosols and takyr-like alluvial soils and were always associated with the presence of stones or thin, hard crusts that sealed the soil surface. It forms mostly through accumulation of aeolian dust (McFadden et al., 1998). 

Vertisols in Madagascar formed on basalt and marl contain very high Cr (200-540 mg/kg), while alluvial soils have 190 mg/kg Cr (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). In vertisols derived on alluvions, Pb is in the range of 20-45 mg/kg, while the average Cr in saline soils of the region is from 1-22 mg/kg. Vertic soils on marl and basalt contain 700-2400 mg/kg Mn. In soils derived on clayey sands and alluvions, Zn content is 105 mg/kg. Soils formed on alluvions contain 115 mg/kg Ni. 

Banin and his colleagues (Banin et al., 1997a) have studied the distribution of trace elements in 45 representative Israeli soils with 0.5-68% of CaC03 and 7.0-8.25 pH (Table 2.4). The total Cu concentration ranges from 3.21 mg/kg in a loessial soil to 62.05 mg/kg in a desert stony soil. In general, alluvial soils, colluvial-alluvial soils, and Terra-Rossa soils contain higher Cu than soils in Mediterranean brown and rendzina. The EDTA-extractable Cu content varies from 2-7.5 mg/kg in rendzinas, alluvial soils, and saline soils. 

The total Cr concentration in the soils of Israel varies from 7.51-181.8 mg/kg with an average of 41.0 32.2 mg/kg. Terra-Rossa, Mediterranean brown and alluvial soils have higher Cr concentrations than soils in rendzina, brown-red sandy and loessial soils. 

Soil Ni is in the range of 3.93-98.7 mg/kg and averages 31.0 18.5 mg/kg. Colluvial-alluvial soils, alluvial soils, Terra-Rossa and Mediterranean brown soils have higher Ni than brown-red sandy and loessial soils. 

The total Mn concentration in Israeli soils varies from 52.6-810 mg/kg and averages 367 259.8 mg/kg (Han, 1998). The average total Co content is 9.45 4.88 mg/ kg, varying from 3.35 mg/kg in a very sandy soil to 15.9 mg/kg in alluvial soil samples (Han et al., 2002b). In soils on alluvions and derived from aeolian deposits, the Co concentration is 8 mg/kg, and soils from hard limestone contain 10 mg/kg Co. The B concentration in alluvial soils is in the range of 25-85 mg/kg, while brown isohumic soils formed on alluvions contain 25-40 mg/kg B. Mediterranean red soils on limestone are rich in B (190 mg/kg). In soils on calcareous sandstone, alluvions, and aeolian deposits, total Mo content ranges from 4.6-6 mg/kg (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). 

Moreover, salts in arid soils increase concentrations of boron. In Israeli soils, total B content in saline alluvial soil is in the range of 150-170 mg/kg, four to six times higher than that in alluvial soils (25-40 mg/kg) (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). The soluble boron contents tend to increase with decreases in rainfall. Bioavailable Mo represents an average 2-20% of total Mo. The percentages of bioavailable Mo are higher in arid and semi-arid zones than in humid zones. Bioavailable Mo is 35.8% of the total Mo in soils of Israel and increases to 50-60% in saline alkali soils in India (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). Total Se concentrations in the western United States are higher... 

The HS samples used in this work were obtained from the Standard and Reference Collection of HAs and FAs of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS), with the exception of the HA from an alluvial soil. The origin and nature of HS, with the corresponding codes, abbreviations and concentrations used, are shown in Table 1. 

Besides an anticlastogenic activity, some HS appear to possess also an antitoxic activity, i.e., they were able not only to suppress plant growth depression caused by MH and ALA, but also stimulate growth. Peat, leonardite and alluvial soil HS yielded the best results also for the antitoxic activity. 

Gupta S, Gajbhiye VT (2002) Persistence and leaching of /Lcyfluthrin in alluvial soil of India. Pest Manag Sci 58 1259-1265... 

Relatively low permeability alluvial soils (silt, clay, and sandy clay), which corresponds with perching layers or aquitards. These soils were interpreted to be deposited in a low-energy, suspended load, fluvial-deltaic environment outside of channel zones. 

Neal RH, Sposito G (1989) Selenate adsorption on Alluvial soils. Soil Sci Soc Amer J 53(l) 70-74 Nriagu JO, Niebor E (eds) (1988) Chromiimi in the natimal and human environments. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 462 pp... 

Rajaram, K.P. and Sethunathan, N. Effect of organic sources on the degradation of parathion in flooded alluvial soil. Soil Scl, 119(4) 296-300. 1975. 

Venkateswarlu, K. and Sethunathan, N. Degradation of carbofuran by Azospirillium lipoferum and Streptomycesspp. isolated from flooded alluvial soil, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 33(5) 556-560, 1984. 

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