Israeli soil

Banin and his colleagues (Banin et al., 1997a) have studied the distribution of trace elements in 45 representative Israeli soils with 0.5-68% of CaC03 and 7.0-8.25 pH (Table 2.4). The total Cu concentration ranges from 3.21 mg/kg in a loessial soil to 62.05 mg/kg in a desert stony soil. In general, alluvial soils, colluvial-alluvial soils, and Terra-Rossa soils contain higher Cu than soils in Mediterranean brown and rendzina. The EDTA-extractable Cu content varies from 2-7.5 mg/kg in rendzinas, alluvial soils, and saline soils. 

Cadmium concentrations in Israeli soils are in the range of 0.07-2.13 and average 0.37 0.34 mg/kg, while cadmium content in Terra-Rossa and Desert Stony soils is higher than that in Rendzina. 

The total Zn concentration in 45 Israeli soils varies from 7.94-144.2 mg/kg with an average of 56.1 28.7 mg/kg. Terra-Rossa soils contain higher Zn than rendzina soils. Total Zn concentrations in Mediterranean red soils vary from 200-215 mg/kg, while brown isohumic soils on calcareous sandstone contain 48 mg/kg total Zn. However, soils on alluvians from aeolian deposits have 82-90 mg/kg, and saline alkali soils contain 100-200 mg/kg of total Zn. EDTA-extractable Zn varies from 1.9-13 mg/kg, representing 1.7-9.6% of the total Zn in Mediterranean red soils, reddish-brown isohumic soils and rendinas soils (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). 

The total Mn concentration in Israeli soils varies from 52.6-810 mg/kg and averages 367 259.8 mg/kg (Han, 1998). The average total Co content is 9.45 4.88 mg/ kg, varying from 3.35 mg/kg in a very sandy soil to 15.9 mg/kg in alluvial soil samples (Han et al., 2002b). In soils on alluvions and derived from aeolian deposits, the Co concentration is 8 mg/kg, and soils from hard limestone contain 10 mg/kg Co. The B concentration in alluvial soils is in the range of 25-85 mg/kg, while brown isohumic soils formed on alluvions contain 25-40 mg/kg B. Mediterranean red soils on limestone are rich in B (190 mg/kg). In soils on calcareous sandstone, alluvions, and aeolian deposits, total Mo content ranges from 4.6-6 mg/kg (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). 

Moreover, salts in arid soils increase concentrations of boron. In Israeli soils, total B content in saline alluvial soil is in the range of 150-170 mg/kg, four to six times higher than that in alluvial soils (25-40 mg/kg) (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). The soluble boron contents tend to increase with decreases in rainfall. Bioavailable Mo represents an average 2-20% of total Mo. The percentages of bioavailable Mo are higher in arid and semi-arid zones than in humid zones. Bioavailable Mo is 35.8% of the total Mo in soils of Israel and increases to 50-60% in saline alkali soils in India (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). Total Se concentrations in the western United States are higher... 

Table 3.3. Concentrations of trace elements in soil solutions extracted by saturated paste from two metal salt-spiked Israeli soils incubated at the saturated paste regime...

Various sequential dissolution protocols have been developed by different research groups in order to accommodate their types of soils, experimental conditions, and objectives. This makes it difficult to compare the results with different procedures. We compared two SSD procedures for humid zone and arid zone soils, developed by German and Israeli soil scientists, respectively, based on aggressiveness of extractants, their specificity and selectivity, completeness of phase-extraction by each extractant from defined phases and their effects on subsequent fractions. We also appraised the applicability as well as the limitations of each procedure under different conditions. 

Cadmium in native arid soils predominates in the carbonate fraction. In 45 uncontaminated Israeli soils, Cd is mainly present in the carbonate bound fraction (43.5% 22.3%), followed by the easily reducible oxide bound fraction (22% 19.5%) (Table 5.4) (Banin et al., 1997a). The... 

Figure 6.8. Changes of Cd fractions in two Israeli soils during 336 days of incubation at field capacity moisture regime (after Han and Banin, 1999. Reprinted from Water Air Soil Pollut, 114, Han F.X and Banin A., Long-term transformations and redistribution of potentially toxic heavy metals in arid-zone soils. II Incubation under field capacity conditions, p 238, Copyright (1999), with permission from Springer Science and Business Media)...

Amendment with soluble copper in arid Israeli soils, particularly at high loading levels, resulted in initial perturbation and increased the amounts of copper in the exchangeable and the carbonate fractions in the loessial soil. This also occurred with the carbonate and the organic bound fractions (Fig. 6.10, Fig. 6.1). Even so, the soils converged quite rapidly... 

Table 6.6. Comparisons of the redistribution of metals in two Israeli soils at 3T treatment. Soils were incubated for one year under the saturated paste (SP), field capacity (FC) and wetting-drying cycle (Cycle) moisture regimes (% of the sum of fractions, as means of two replicates) (from Han et al., 2001a, with permission from Lippincott Williams Wilkins)...

Figure 6.15. The average transfer fluxes of Cr and Cu among solid-phase components in Israeli soils. The soils received metal nitrates at the 3T level under the field capacity moisture regime (T total metal content in non-amended soils)...

Figure 6.17. Relationships between the initial (the first day) fluxes of metals in the soluble plus exchangeable fraction and metal loading levels in Israeli soils. Soils received metal nitrates and were incubated in the saturated-paste (SP) and field capacity (FC) moisture regimes...

Table 6.7. The average residence time (hour) of heavy metals in Israeli soil solutions...

Figure 6.19. Distribution of Mn in solid-phase fractions in Israeli soils. Soils were incubated at the saturated paste regime (after Han and Banin, 1996. Reprinted from Soil Sci Soc Am J, 60, Han F.X., Banin A., Solid-phase manganese fractionation changes in saturated arid-zone soils Pathways and kinetics, p 1075, Copyright (1996), with permission from Soil Sci Soc Am)...

Figure 6.20. Distribution of Mn in solid-phase fractions in Israeli soils. Soils were incubated at the field capacity regime...

Figure 6.29. Relationships between the Co and Mn contents in the CARB and ERO fractions in Israeli soils during the saturated paste incubation...

Figure 6.30. Kinetics of transformation of Co in the ERO fraction in two Israeli soils according to the two-constant rate model (a) and the simple Elovich model (b), respectively. Soils were incubated under the saturation paste regime (modified after Han et al., 2002b. Reprinted from J Environ Sci Health, Part A, 137, HanF.X., Banin A., Kingery W.L., Li Z.P., Pathways and kinetics of transformation of cobalt among solid-phase components in arid-zone soils, p 192, Copyright (2003), with permission from Taylor Francis)...

Banin A., Han F.X., Carina C. Total contents and solid-phase distribution of trace elements in 45 Israeli soils. Unpublished data. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehonot, 76100. Israel. 1997a. 

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