Chestnut soils

Plants (cereals, cotton, potato, citrus, apple, pear, peach, grape, persimmon, apricot, chestnut), soil and water Gas-chromatographic determination [mass spectromet-ric detection (MSD), flame thermionic detection (FTD) or nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD)] for plant materials, water and soil... 

In chernozems formed on serpentinite diluvium, Co content is in the range of 10-30 mg/kg, while in chestnut and chestnut vertic soils, Co concentrations vary from 3-15 and 15-45 mg/kg, respectively. Soils on basalt, andesite and gabbro contain 15-68 mg/kg total Cu. Total Mn in chernozems is in the range of 520-850 mg/kg. Chestnut soils have 42-106 mg/kg Zn content. Total Zn in saline alkali soils is in the range of 40-60 mg/kg Zn. Bioavailable Zn (ammonium acetate-extractable Zn) in chernozems, chestnut soils and saline alkali soils of the steppe zones varies from trace amounts to 3.8 mg/kg (1-8.3% of total Zn). In chernozems of Northern Bulgaria, total B is in the range of 25-53 mg/kg. Boron increases in saline soils and saline alkali soils. 

In the Ural-Sakmara basin, total Cu is 60-70 mg/kg in chernozems on secondary sediments. Chestnut soils on weathered basic rocks in the Or-Kumak basin contain higher Cu (88-96 mg/kg). The average Pb concentrations are 11-25 mg/kg in chernozems derived from serpentinite and secondary/tertiary sediments of the Ural-Sakmara basin. Soils in the Ural-Sakmara basin on serpentinite contain 133 mg/kg total Ni. 

Table 5. Distribution of Co in Calcaric Chernozem and Chestnut soil of Meadow Steppe ecosystem in the south part of East European Plain.

Extracted from chestnut soil, by Fluka Co., Buchs S. G., Switzerland Department of Soils,... 

Chernozem Chestnut soil Chernozem Chestnut soil Chernozem Chestnut soil Chernozem Chestnut soil... 

Soils the soil layer is represented by chernozem and chestnut soils with humus contents. Vegetation agricultural crops, vineyards, orchards, meadows. 

Chernozem and chernozem-like soils are commonly found in subhumid climates of the Temperate Zone where the annual rainfall is usually too low for a dense tree population to be established. In the United States these soils are found chiefly in the eastern Dakotas and Nebraska and extending south into central Kansas and Oklahoma. Other soils designated as chestnut, and somewhat similar, are found in a drier zone to the west of the chernozems. Since the rainfall is less and the vegetation more sparse, these chestnut soils are usually lower in organic matter than are the chernozems. Deficient moisture, however, retards decomposition and this favors organic matter retention. 

Inasmuch as soil is bio inert system which has formed under the influence of biological factors it is inherent the function of conservation and transformation of substances [12, 13] and it reacts to soluble phosphorous fertilizer application according to Le Chatelier principle If a system at equilibrium experiences a change then the equilibrium shifts to partially counter-act the imposed change [14]. In different soils these functions are manifested in accordance with root natural causes. In soddy-podzolic soils with increased iron and aluminum compounds content applied phosphorous fertilizers transform in phosphate sesquioxides while in carbonate-enriched chernozems and chestnut soils the function of phosphoms conservation manifests itself in emergence of phosphates with different basicity including sparing soluble compounds, for example, apatite. Obviously the specific reasons determined a small increase or... 

The occurrence of clay minerals in the great soil groups has been reviewed (Jackson [1959], Grim [1968], Millot [1970]). The abundance and frequently even the predominance of micaceous minerals in the clay fraction of numerous soil types have been confirmed by these articles. Micas and their degraded forms (illite, hydrous mica, mixed-layer minerals with micaceous components) were found to prevail in the clay fraction of arctic raw soils, brown earth s, prairie soils, chernozems, chestnut soils, syrozem, alkali soils, intrazonal mountain soils, and different azonal soils. Remarkable contents of illite have also been observed in the clay fractions of gray-brown, gray, red, and red-yellow podzolic soils. 

Kizyakow, Y. E., and Y. A. Shurygina, 1968. Chemical and mineralogical composition of meadow and meadow-chestnut soils of the Great Kabarda. Pochvovedeniye 814-823. 

ScHMEHL and Jackson [1955] give examples of broadened basal reflections from soil clays due to complex interstratification. They examined two clays—one derived from a sierozem soil on shale alluvium (Billings clay), the other from a chestnut soil on reddish loess in southwest Colorado (Monticello soil). These clays (Figure 28) are characterized by broad peaks and strong scattering at low angles. This type of pattern is particularly marked with Mg " saturation and is reduced in extent as a result of K saturation, presumably due to reduction in interlamellar hydration. 

Falta, R.W., Pruess, K. and Chestnut, D.A., Modeling advective contaminant transport during soil vapor extraction, Ground Water, 31, 1011-1020, 1993. 

One way to avoid the use of any preservative is to use wood that is naturally resistant to decay. The heartwood of more naturally rot-resistant species, such as oak, can be used untreated. Other woods that last well without treatment are larch, which will last about 10 years in contact with the soil, or up to 20 years if not in contact with soil Western red cedar, which will give service for about 20 years and sweet chestnut, traditionally used for fence palings and posts. Untreated pine lasts for about five years. Well-seasoned wood that has been allowed to dry out evenly is more expensive than greenwood (freshly cut undried wood), but in its favor, it tends to last longer and can be less prone to distortion as it weathers. 

In heavy soil in particular, birch, cherry, apple, pear, and plum should be planted no less than 12 ft (4 m) from the house. Ash, false acacia, chestnut, linden, sycamore, maple, and willow trees should be planted no less than 22 ft (7 m) away, while oak and poplar are safest kept at a minimum distance of 40 ft (12 m) from the house or garage. 

It is proposed that the CH3C1 missing source (vide supra) may be the abiotic methylation of chloride in plants and soils (280, 281). This methylation by plant pectin in senescent and dead leaves efficiently produces CH3C1 and shows a positive correlation with temperature. Plants studied include Norway maple, horse chestnut, cherry, oak, beech, a Eucalyptus sp., and a salt marsh (Batis maritima) (281). This important study complements that of Myneni (172-174) and Keppler et al. (175,176), cited earlier, and Oberg (298, 299). 

The influence of native vegetation on the composition of SOM was studied in well-dated volcanic soils at the Mount Etna region, Sicily, Italy. Whole soil samples were taken under chestnut and oak stands, and their humic acids (Baglieri et al., 2007) and nonfractionated whole soil samples were analyzed by Py-FIMS. The proportions of compound classes in Table 14.4 show that the roughly 2000-year-old soil under an oak stand was significantly richer in lipids, sterols, and free fatty acids than was the soil under chestnut. In another pair of soil samples with a longer period of soil formation (about 7000-9000 years), the difference between oak and chestnut was +4.2% for lipids, +2.6% for sterols and +2.5% for free fatty acids (not shown). This predominance of aliphatics in the soils under oak confirms Nierop et al. (2003), who also found the release of aliphatics from oak stands into soil by conventional lipid extractions and GC/MS. 

Chestnuts are not especially demanding in their soil requirements, as long as drainage is good. They are remarkably heat-tolerant. Plant in a sunny location set out in spring or fall as balled-and-burlapped plants. 

Nuts damaged. Cause Chestnut weevils. The larvae of this pest feed inside the nuts, and then enter the soil when the nuts fall to the ground. Pick fallen nuts from the ground daily to reduce future populations. 

The humic acid/fulvic acid ratios of the surface layers from several great soil groups are shown in Table 3. In agreement with the above, soils representative of the Mollisols (Chernozem and Chestnut) have the highest ratios. One difficulty in interpreting published data on humic acid/fulvic acid ratios is that seldom has allowance been made for nonhumic substances present as impurities, particularly in the fulvic acid fraction. 

Approximate equivalents in the comprehensive soil classification system are Chernozem and Chestnut, Mollisol Serozem, Aridisol Gray Forest, Alfisol. 

This site is also located in the southern Alps at an altitude of 500 m. The climate is comparable to the previous site, although summers are less dry (Figs. 1 and 11A,B). The area is dominated by relatively Al- and Fe-rich silicate rocks (gneisses and micaschists) and almost completely covered by till material whose origin is not necessarily local, but can be regional (catchment of the Lisora and Magliasina rivers, cf. Fig. 14). Soil depths vary from 50 to 200 cm and are often of podzol or cryptopodzol type, especially in chestnut forest sites (Blaser, 1973 Richard and Liischer, 1987). The locality described here is in a forested area, whose age is not known. It was perhaps a vineyard some 40 years ago (Rey, 1996). 

Humus acids are a main component extracted by water from organic matter of rocks and deposits, first of all from soil and peat. The content of humic acids reaches in soils 10% by mass, in peats 25-50%, in coals up to 60%. The contents of fulvic acids - up to 15% in peats and 60% in coals. Relative contents of humic and fulvic acids in soils depend on their properties. In tundra and bleached forest soils dominate fulvic and in peats, chestnut and black-earth soils, humic acids. Frequently (but not always), with depth fraction of fulvic acids increases. 

The erosion resistance of soil can be classified not only on the basis of the protection coefficient (see p. 421), but also on the basis of other indices. For example, another index that can be used to characterize the erosion resistance of soils containing sand particles is the ratio of the total quantity of sand to the total quantity of silt and dust fractions. This ratio, in uneroded sandy-loam chernozem soils and dark-chestnut sandy-loam soils, is 3.6 and 2.9, respectively in the corresponding eroded soils, the values are 6.6 and 5.2 i.e., twice as high. 

Growing Conditions Mild, temperate cQ-male with tew hosty niighls. Does best on wen drained soils. The N. Ainetican chestnut is the hardiest ol the varieties, but it was practically wiped out by chestnut blight Hence, hybrids ol the Ameritran and Oriental chestnuts are now hebig grown. 

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