Safety behaviours

Safety behaviours include use of PPE and other preventive hygiene practices. 

Two processes then maintain and worsen this distorted self-image internal focus of attention on physical and mental symptoms of anxiety and on anxious thoughts, and the use of safety behaviours to prevent feared consequences from coming true (Salkovskis 1991). 

Her anxious thoughts also led to several safety behaviours, all intended to prevent her fears from coming true. For example, heavy make-up was to conceal her blushing, loose-fitting clothes were to keep her cool, water was... 

Helping clients get a good grasp of the CBT model of social phobia and how it applies to them provides a rationale for all of the interventions that follow. While this can be done verbally, it is usually more powerful if there is an experiential element to it as well (Bennett-Levy et al. 2004), which often comes from behavioural experiments. In Theresa s case, it was important to illustrate the effects of focusing her attention internally, and the role of safety behaviours on her self-consciousness and on how she performed socially. The overall aim of socialising her to the model was to help her to understand the psychological processes that maintained her social phobia. 

Because of their role in preventing disconfirmation of the feared consequence, it was important that she stopped using her various safety behaviours. The best way to do this is usually through behavioural experiments that test out specific predictions about other people s reactions, or what Wells refers to as interrogating the environment (Wells 1997 191). 

The second experiment concerned one of her safety behaviours. She was asked to read out loud a five-minute excerpt from one of her presentations at two different speeds and to rate how anxious she felt each time. She found that the faster speed of speaking actually made her more anxious than if she slowed down, thus having the opposite effect to the one she intended. 

Another audience of the therapist s colleagues was arranged for her to practise the presentation that she was due to make to her fellow medical students in a fortnight, but this time it was also videotaped. As part of the previous week s homework, she had made predictions about how she thought she would cope and how people in the audience would react. These included that she would blush, shake, and look awkward, and that others would look embarrassed, avoid eye contact with her, and not ask any questions at the end. In addition, she agreed to start off using several safety behaviours, but then drop them one by one and note what effects this had on her anxiety. 

Thwaite, R. and Freeston, M. H. (2005). Safety-seeking behaviours Fact or function Flow can we clinically differentiate between safety behaviours and adaptive coping strategies across anxiety disorders Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 33 177-88. 

Chmiel, N. (2005). Promoting health work Self-reported minor injuries, work characteristics, and safety behaviour. In C. Krunka, P. Hoffmann, A. Bussing (Eds.), Change and quality in human service work (pp. 277-288). Mering Rainer Hampp Verlag. 

Langford, D., Rowlinson, S. and Sawacha, E. (2000) Safety behaviour and safety management its influence on the attitudes of workers in the UK construction industry. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 7(2), 133-40. 

Furthermore, signs such as that shown in Figure 4.2 that operate without making the workforce aware of the hazards arguably relieves them of any safety responsibility, and their participation in making decisions or evaluations about their own safety behaviours and the workplace instead an anonymous authority demands somewhat incoherent action from the audience through the signage. 

Within the system design, also principles supporting achievement of maximum safety behaviour of the system in the event of detection of failure in input data or proper failures are incurred. 

Plutonium en Rdacteur Rapide). The partners in this experiment are CEA (F), JRC/ITU, FZK (D) and AEA/BNFL (UK). The goal of these irradiation experiments is to demonstrate basic properties, nuclear efficiency and safety behaviour of new fuel types, which are either defined by a very high content of plutonium (> 40 wt%), together with uranium and minor actinides (MA) or by the complete absence of uranium (in order to avoid additional breeding). Irradiation of a mixed (U, Pu)02 fuel pin with 45 wt% Pu started in July 1995 at HFR Petten and that of mixed (U,Pu,Np)02 and (Pu,Ce)02 fuel pins in December 1995. 

Computations show that it is possible to transmute the amount of minor actinides (MA) produced by about five PWRs with a transmutation half-time of around 10 years in a fast reactor of Ae EFR type without compromising its safety behaviour. Concerning long lived fission products, the Tc production of 5 to 6 IGWe PWRs could be transmuted in a fast reactor with a transmutation half-time of about 25 years. 

Glendon, A.I. and Litherland, D.K. 2001. Safely climate factors, group differences and safety behaviour in road constmction. Safety Science, 39, 157-88. 

Numerous studies have shown that safety climate survey results predict safety-related outcomes (Yule et al. 2007), for example, accidents and injuries (Huang et al. 2006), safety performance (Nahrgang et al. 2011 Shaimon and Norman 2009) and workers safety behaviour (Griffin and Neal 2000). Previous studies on the relationship between positive safety climate and lower accident rates demonstrated that employees with a positive safety attitude were less likely to be involved in accidents (Barling et al. 2002 Hofmann and Stetzer 1996 and Lee 1998). 

Zohar 1980), human error analysis (Glendon and Stanton 2000), ratings of behavioural compliance (Garavan and O Brien 2001), and actual safety behaviour (Glendon and Litherland 2000). 

Key quotes from the focus groups give insights into translating safety attitudes into safety behaviours ... 

Garavan,T.N. and O Brien, F. 2001. An investigation into the relationship between safety climate and safety behaviours in Irish oiganizations. Irish Journal of Management, 22, 141-70. 

Several instruments have been developed to assess hospital staff s perceptions of aspects of workplace safety culture and a number of studies have reported associations between hospital safety culture and safety outcome measures (Jackson et al. 2010). Profiling the hospital safety culture scores is relatively straightforward but finding safety outcome measures for patients or workers is more challenging (Flin 2007). Different types of safety outcome data can be collected, e.g. (i) hospital incident records for staff or patients or clinical data for patients, (ii) self-reports of incidents and injuries by workers or patients and (iii) workers safety behaviours (self-reported or observed). 

When healthcare workers safely behaviours were assessed through observational techniques, Zohar et al. (2007) showed both group and hospital level culture as predictors of the future safety behaviours (e.g. medication and emergency safety), observed in a sample of 955 nurses in Israel. Since observations can be difficult to gather in hospitals, self-report measures are also used to assess safety behaviours such as workers safety compliance and safety participation behaviours). Positive associations between safely culture and their self-reported measure of safety behaviours were shown in a sample of 525 employees in an Australian hospital (Neal et al. 2000). Later, improvements in these behaviours at the group level were linked to a reduction in future aceident rates (Neal and Griffin 2006). A similar measure was included as a measure of workers safety behaviour in this Scottish study. 

In order to identify areas of organisational culture that could be targeted to improve patient safety in Scottish hospitals, a safety culture survey was conducted. The aims of the study were first, to obtain a measure of safety culture from a sample of NHS acute hospitals in Scotland and then to test whether these culture scores were associated with clinical workers safety behaviours and patient and worker injuries. This would also provide a measure of safety culture within the Scottish acute hospital sector and contribute an organisational cultural perspective to the... 

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