Culture scores

Examples of applications of these incident reporting indices will be mentioned in the next section through illustration of their correlations with safety culture scores. 

Several instruments have been developed to assess hospital staff s perceptions of aspects of workplace safety culture and a number of studies have reported associations between hospital safety culture and safety outcome measures (Jackson et al. 2010). Profiling the hospital safety culture scores is relatively straightforward but finding safety outcome measures for patients or workers is more challenging (Flin 2007). Different types of safety outcome data can be collected, e.g. (i) hospital incident records for staff or patients or clinical data for patients, (ii) self-reports of incidents and injuries by workers or patients and (iii) workers safety behaviours (self-reported or observed). 

In order to identify areas of organisational culture that could be targeted to improve patient safety in Scottish hospitals, a safety culture survey was conducted. The aims of the study were first, to obtain a measure of safety culture from a sample of NHS acute hospitals in Scotland and then to test whether these culture scores were associated with clinical workers safety behaviours and patient and worker injuries. This would also provide a measure of safety culture within the Scottish acute hospital sector and contribute an organisational cultural perspective to the... 

Clearly more empirical studies are needed linking patient safety culture scores to patient safety and quality outcome data Such studies should examine linkages at the hospital level and at the unit level where relationships may be stronger. The difficulty of this research is that large numbers of hospitals with both safety culture and outcome data are needed to detect these relationships. 

Author Intervention type Inter- vention length Setting Culture survey used Changes in culture scores... 

O Leary et al. (2010) Structured Inter-disciplinary Rounds Six months Teaching service unit inatertiary care teaching hospital Safety Attitudes Questionnaire Teamwork culture scores higher on intervention unit (82.4%) than control unit (77.3%)... 

Use a sterile, plugged, individually wrapped plastic pipet suitable for tissue culture. Score the pipet in the middle of the cotton. Break off and remove the cotton. Make a tiny ball of polyester wool, push into the column top with forceps, and blast into the bottom with compressed air or gas (available at most lab benches). Polyester wool used for aquarium filtration and is available at most pet shops. 

New Test Methods - A procedure has been established for treat-ing cutaneous Candida albicans infections of the rabbit triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog Parenteral ) was used to depress host responses before and after localized infection of the ear lobe.15 Therapeutic efficacy of topically applied agents was based on a subjective evaluation of the lesions and culture scores. 

Rhesus monkey kidney infected with Semliki Forest arborvirus gave interferon of tltre 1.5 log interferon units/2 ml. (The interferon unit, determined in a volume of 2 ml, is the dilution of interferon which produced a half-maximal score for degree of cytopathic effect In virus-infected tissue culture tubes at the time when the control without interferon first showed the maximal score.)... 

A method of assessing the toxicity of implants has been proposed based on the effects on cell ultrastructure in organ cultures, on cell surface characteristics, and cell population doubling times. The effects have been correlated with hemorrhage, fibrosis, and necrosis, respectively (103). Poly-e-caprolactone was stated to give minimal tissue reaction and could not be scored in these tests. 

Analysis of RMs enables assessment of laboratory factors (equipment, staff etc.) on quality, but it is the awareness of the importance of reference materials within the quality culture of the laboratory (recognizing crucial steps in method vahdation, ambitions to have good IQC and ambitions to have better performance scores in EQA) - that they are used to greatest effect. 

Untreated BALB/c 3T3 cells and solvent-treated cells were used as negative controls. Positive controls were represented by cells treated with the well-known carcinogen 3-MCA (2.5 pg/mL). After 48 h, cells were replenished with fresh normal culture medium and maintained in culture for 4-6 weeks, with biweekly medium changes. Cells were then fixed with methanol, stained with 10% aqueous Giemsa, and scored for foci formation. In order to calculate the number of cells... 

A minimum of three doses of the test material should be used, the highest chosen as described above, the lowest on the borderline of toxicity, and an intermediate one. Up to six doses can be managed satisfactorily, and this ensures the detection of any dose response and that a toxic range is covered. Mis are as required for the preliminary study (at lease 1000 cells per culture). It is also useftd to score endoreduplication and polyploidy for historical data. Cells from only three doses need to be analyzed. 

---