Environmental 858 Subject

Technical and trade organi2ations are concerned with safety and the environment. The Chlorine Institute in North America and Euro Chlor in Western Europe are examples of organi2ations dedicated to the safe production, transport, and use of chlorine. Ha2ard and operabiHty studies (HAZOP) reviews for new designs, plants, and expansions (135) have become required by poHcy in many operating companies. Papers on safety and environmental subjects are given at most technical meetings (136—138). 

A nationwide theater tour of around 280 schools in 1989/90, with a play addressing current environmental subjects and followed by discussion... 

Many federal documents, particularly those on environmental subjects, are obtainable from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). NTIS, an agency of the U. S. Department of Commerce, is the central source for the public sale of U. S. sponsored research, development and technical reports. The Monthly Catalog lists by agency and is available from GPO. Many publications on safety and toxicology that relate to chemical industry needs, however, must be obtained from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in Cincinnati. Securing state documents can be equally frustrating. 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 401 M Street SW, Washington DC 20460, (202) 260-4355. Administers federal environmental policies, establishes regulations, sponsors and conducts research, enforces regulations, and provides information on environmental subjects. Numerous branches based on type of environment, i.e., air, radiation, disposal, water, etc. Ten regional offices. On-line access points for database retrieval. Hazardous Waste and Cleanup Information Hotline same address, (800) 424-9346. 

University or college With environmental subject(s) With environmental engineering (EnE) program(s)... 

Ariel Rios Building 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20460 (202) 272-0167 Website www.epa.gov The EPA administers federal environmental policies, research, and regulations. It provides information on many environmental subjects, including water pollution, hazardous and sohd waste disposal, air and noise pollution, pesticides, and radiation. 

Oliveira R (1997) Teaching environmental subjects in engineering geological education. In Proceedings of the international symposium on engineering geology in the environment, pp 3649-3654... 

The potential advantages of LPG concern essentially the environmental aspects. LPG s are simple mixtures of 3- and 4-carbon-atom hydrocarbons with few contaminants (very low sulfur content). LPG s contain no noxious additives such as lead and their exhaust emissions have little or no toxicity because aromatics are absent. This type of fuel also benefits often enough from a lower taxation. In spite of that, the use of LPG motor fuel remains static in France, if not on a slightly downward trend. There are several reasons for this situation little interest from automobile manufacturers, reluctance on the part of automobile customers, competition in the refining industry for other uses of and fractions, (alkylation, etherification, direct addition into the gasoline pool). However, in 1993 this subject seems to have received more interest (Hublin et al., 1993). 

The environmental performance of companies within the industry is normally subject to the legislative requirements of the host government, but is increasingly becoming scrutinised by the public, as available information and general levels of awareness increase. Major companies see responsible management of the environmental aspects of their operations as crucial to the future of their business. The approval of loans from major banks for project finance is usually conditional on acceptable environmental management. 

During take-off and landing, the wheels of modem aircraft are subject to great stress. New high-performance brake systems and aggressive environmental influences push the wheels closer and closer to their limit. These conditions as well as increased requirements for safety and quality control now necessitate that wheels are tested much more comprehensively than in the past. 

All blends of these oxygenated compounds are subject to ASTM D 439 volatility liinits except ethanol. Contact the EPA for current waivers and detailed requirements, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Eield Operations and Support Division (EN-397E), 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460. 

Disposal of exhausted soHds can be easily overlooked at the plant design stage, particularly when these have no intrinsic value alternative disposal methods might include landfiU of inert material or incineration, hydrolysis, or pyrolysis of organic materials. Liquid, soHd, and gaseous emissions are aU subject to the usual environmental considerations. 

Possible negative environmental effects of fertilizer use are the subject of iatensive evaluation and much discussion. The foUowiag negative effects of fertilizer usage have been variously suggested (113) a deterioration of food quaUty the destmction of natural soil fertility the promotion of gastroiatestiaal cancer the pollution of ground and surface water and contributions toward the destmction of the ozone layer ia the stratosphere. 

Environmental Aging. AH ceUular polymers are subject to a deterioration of properties under the combined effects of light or heat and oxygen. The response of ceUular materials to the action of light and oxygen is governed almost entirely by the composition and state of the polymer phase (22). Expansion of a polymer into a ceUular state increases the surface area reactions of the foam with vapors and Hquids are correspondingly faster than those of soHd polymer. 

Knock is caused by unwanted chemical reactions in the combustion chamber. These reactions are a function of the specific chemical species which make up the fuel and the environmental conditions to which the fuel is subjected during the compression and power stroke in the engine. Therefore, both the chemical makeup of the fuel and the engine design parameters must be considered when trying to understand knock. 

There are no fumes or effluents generated in the processing of powders and the requirements of state and federal environmental protection agencies are met without difficulty. However, the production of powders has been subjected to the same concerns as most other metal refining and smelting operations. 

Many countries have adopted chemical substance iaventories ia order to monitor use and evaluate exposure potential and consequences. In the case of essential oils used in many fragrance appHcations, these oils must be on many of these Hsts. New essential oils used in fragrances are subject to premanufactuting or premarketing notification (PMN). PMN requirements vary by country and predicted volume of production. They require assessment of environmental and human health-related properties, and reporting results to designated governmental authorities. 

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