Technical efficiency

Moreover, the application of this tool permitted to evaluate the effect and efficiency of combinations of measures. Using multi-criteria analysis during the decision-making process allows taking into consideration several criteria such as technical efficiency of the measures, cost of their application, political criteria and socio-economic issues. 

The capacities for ambitious risk management are limited for private end-consumers and also in small and medium sized enterprises. Suppliers of chemical products for these users should therefore inaugurate the development of intrinsically safe products as a guiding principle. These products would be regarded as innovative because of their technical efficiency and their low risk aspect in use. 

Waste segregation is an important step in waste reduction. Process wastewaters containing specific pollutants can often be isolated and disposed of or treated separately in a more technically efficient and economical manner. Highly acidic and caustic wastewaters are usually more effectively adjusted for pH prior to being mixed with other wastes. Separate equalization for streams of highly variable characteristics is used by many plants to improve overall treatment efficiency [7]. 

There are various perspectives from which to evaluate the efficiency of pharmaceutical research. One is whether the optimal amount of research is being conducted. Too many or too few resources could be allocated to this purpose. A second dimension is whether this research is carried out in the most effective manner so that output is maximized for given levels of input. In this section I consider both of these dimensions the first is termed allocative efficiency, and the second is termed technical efficiency. 

On the question of technical efficiency, results are also mixed. The productivity of pharmaceutical research funds has receded sharply in recent years, at least when measured by the number of new chemical entities introduced and the cost of discovering and developing these products has correspondingly increased. The promise of a science-based research process has not led to the greater efficiency that was projected by its early proponents. 

Technical efficiency COP h takes into account material structure of sorbers. It aims to the maximal value at indefinitely big durations half-cycles ... 

From the point of view of maintaining quality, the extraction process must be rapid and exclude air, so as to prevent changes in quality. To this end the plant should be technically efficient, if possible continuously operable, and highly reliable, with few breakdowns. It should also require few staff to operate it. The plant should provide a maximum yield, run economically and be easy to clean. 

The vast amount of research and development work on inoendiarieH in the World War went far toward solving the many and formidable technical problems created by the adverse conditions of modem warfare, and it may be said that, insofar an concerns the technical efficiency of the agents themselves, incendiary armament had reached a generally satisfactory state of performance. On the other band, the tactical results from use of incenffiaries in the late war were disappoiniing. This was chiefly due to two factors. First, the conditions on the Western Front and, to a somewhat less extent, on the Russian Front, were naturally very unfavorable to the use of incendiaries. Not only was the weather and much of the terrain wet and adverse to application of incendiaries. 

The theory discussed here will concentrate on allocative efficiency, but as with all discussions of allocative efficiency, elements of technical efficiency will automatically be involved and at least implicit recognition of these elements will be evident. The allocative efficiency concerns will be placed in a dynamic framework we will be attempting to establish a notion of dynamic pure competition that has analytical and public policy implications. The concept of dynamic pure competition will describe a hybrid form of workable competition as the term is used by industrial organization economists. 

Thus, it is suggested, expensive complex technology will be hard pushed to find a secure place in a market place where the emphasis is on low capital cost and technical efficiency for large-scale power production. 

Technical Efficiency—major improvement potential with fuel cells Environmental advantage—no emissions of pollutants and C02 Overcome the thermodynamic limitations of combustion systems... 

Provider policies determine who can provide the benefits of the vouchers and under what conditions. They are important for three of the main aims of subsidy schemes, for different reasons. For health gain, provider policies make it possible to select providers with the highest technical quality and therefore the greatest effectiveness of treatment. For technical efficiency, the policies affect how much the scheme costs. For patient satisfaction, a free provider participation strategy can be used that allows patients to decide whom to see. 

If the main aim of the voucher scheme is to detect and treat a disease, to subsidize the poor, or both, adverse selection need not be a major concern. Indeed, it may represent an improvement in technical efficiency if those most at risk of a disease are most likely to use their voucher. Where diagnosis outside the voucher scheme is not reliable, adverse selection becomes less of a risk, because many of those seeking prepaid treatment may not actually have the disease and will therefore not require treatment (see box 7-2). 

The basic science, separable, piece-by-piece approach to the study of pollution impacts upon materials makes truly awesome the task of covering and synthesizing the technically efficient or even the feasible input combinations. In manufacturing alone, thousands of different types of material inputs exist. Each input type is, in turn, embodied in one or more production processes or outputs which may appear in a variety of forms and which can be put to a number of distinctive uses. Moreover, there may be environmental cofactors such as temperature and moisture that act in concert with pollution to aggravate or to soften its impact. Basic science studies of pollution impacts upon materials have received little guidance about which of these embodiments, varieties, and uses take on economic significance. 

Assess opportunities and risks of various FCV and fuel choices, specifically hydrogen, comparing the technical, efficiency, economic, safety and financial risks of each option with onboard reforming of... 

This model cannot be tested in its entirety too many model components remain either unmeasured or unmeasurable. For example, asymmetric information is not public information it is not measured. Profits and even costs are not imiformly reported for all companies, especially for small and medium-sized companies such as we have in our sample. However, there is one important category of cost—safety costs—which is measured in sufficient detail to use in testing our model. The test is simple do alternative HRM practices affect employees injury claims Do some HRM practices help reduce injury-claim fi equency Do other HRM practices help reduce injury-claim severity If they do reduce safety costs, is it because the HRM practices are improving technical efficiency or because HRM practices are reducing disability benefits consumption associated with as5mimetric information ... 

Another shortcoming of the classical model, mentioned earlier, is that the human factors in the production process are not passive—employees may react to incentives, and employees may provide valuable information about the optimal organization of production. For example, when construction workers show management how a wall can be framed more safely and quickly by assembling it horizontally on the groimd, rather than piecing it together vertically in the air, they provide valuable information on the technical efficiency of the process. Because workers... 

This study goes beyond much of the earlier research and— following the approach of Hunt and Habeck (1993) and Hunt et al. (1993)—seeks to estimate the role of HRM practices in the determination of workers compensation costs in a multivariate framework. It uses a workplace safety model that incorporates a wider variety of HRM practices than has been previously employed. In particular, it analyzes the impact of the three important dimensions of HRM practices on safety employee participation in decision making, employee participation in financial returns, and the firm s management safety culture. In addition, this is the first study to consider file effect of each of these factors on claim frequency and claim severity, and to ask whether any observed change is file result of changes in technical efficiency or moral hazard (principal-agent) incentives. 

The safety effect of employee participation in financial returns is theoretically ambiguous and—except for employee-owned firms— there is little prior research on participation in financial returns. The financial return estimates derived from employee ownership are fraught with problems of interpretation, as discussed above. We focus on variation in the degree of involvement in financial returns, aside from employee ownership. If firm profitability increases by taking more employment risks, then accidents and workers compensation costs could rise. We don t expect, however, liiatthat will happen we expect that more financial participation by employees will lower workers compensation costs through either of the channels outlined in Chapter 1 technical efficiency will increase as workers have an increased incentive to raise output, or moral hazard (principal-agent) outcomes will improve as workers have an increased incentive to lower eosts. 

PS is one of the most important mass-produced plastics. It has been produced on an industrial scale since 1930. Not knowing what he had discovered, E. Simon described PS as early as 1839 as a solid mass produced from styrene when heated. Some time later, M. Bertolet realized that the process involved was polymerization. The first patent for production of PS was awarded to Englishman F. E. Matthews in 1911. The first technically efficient production method, Staudinger thermal polymerization, was developed in 1929. 

For most of the world s reactors, enriched uranium is required as fuel. Enrichment increases the proportion of the U-235 isotope from its natural level of 0.7% to 3%-5%. This enables greater technical efficiency in reactor design and operahon, particularly in larger... 

---