Sabotage

The use of component logic models to build system fault logic has been discussed by several authors for chemical and electrical systems (Powers and Thompkins, 1974 Fussell, 197.S and Powers and Lapp, 1976). In addition, generic sabotage fault trees have been used for some time in the analysis of security concerns for nuclear power plants (NUREG /CR-0809, NUREG/CR. 121,... 

Nuclear PSAs tend to accept a set of initiators such as the WASH-1400 set or the EPRI set and proceed with little introspection as to completeness of the set for a specific plant. A well-known omission is sabotage. In general, earthquake and fire is treated poorly tornado is usually not addressed nor are other aspects of adverse weather such as freezing and ice storms which may have common cause potential. The record has not been too good. After the Browns Ferry fire, it was claimed that such was addressed in WASH-1400. If so, attention was only brought after the fact. The TMI-2 sequence was not addressed in the PSAs to an extent that action was taken to prevent it. 

The contamination of the MIC was probably the result of sabotage [2], but, as we shall see, the results would have been much less serious if less MIC had been stored, if a shanty town had not grown up close to the plant, and if the protective equipment had been kept in full working order. 

The MIC storage tank was contaminated by substantial quantities of water and chloroform—up to a ton of water an VA tons of chloroform— and this led to a complex series of runaway reaction [4]. The precise route by which water entered the tank is unknown several theories have been put forward, and sabotage seems the most likely [2], though whoever deliberately added the water may not have realized how serious the consequences would be. Hazard and operability studies (Section 18.7) are a powerful tool for identifying ways in which contamination and other... 

Violation Error/Failure A violation error occurs when an intended action is made which deliberately ignores known operational rules, restrictions, or procedures. However, this definition excludes actions that are deliberately intended to harm the system, which come within the category of sabotage. 

Violation An error that occurs when an action is taken that contravenes known operational rules, restrictions, and/or procedures. The definition of violations excludes actions taken to intentionally harm the system (i.e., sabotage). 

L. Hays and R. Koenic, "Dissecting Disaster How Union Carbide Flushed Out Its Theory of Sabotage at Bhopal," Wall Street Journal, p. 1, July 7, 1988. 

Suppose that an explosion at a chemical plant could have occurred as a result of one of tliree mutually exclusive causes equipment nialfimction, carelessness, or sabotage. It is estimated tliat such an explosion could occur witli probability 0.20 as a result of equipment malfunction, 0.40 as a result of carelessness, and 0.75 as a result of sabotage. It is also estimated tliat tlie prior probabilities of the tliree possible causes of the explosion are, respectively, 0.50,0.35, and 0.15. Using Bayes tlieorem, deteniiine tlie most likely cause of the explosion. 

Let A, A., A denote, respectively, the events tliat equipment malfunction, carelessness and sabotage occur. Let B denote tlie event of the explosion. Tlien... 

American discussions of nuclear energy first explored civil rights and civil liberties. Dangers of theft or sabotage of a plutonium facility require drastic incursions on individual freedom (Ayers, 1975). 

Open Bomb. In intelligence usage, an undisguised or unconcealed sabotage expl device, distinguished especially from an infernal machine Ref J. Quick, Dictionary of Weapons and Military Terms , McGraw-Hill, NY (1973), 334... 

For quite a few years now, considerable amounts of time, effort, and money have been expended on improving older sabotage devices and accessory gear and in developing new and better items. As a result, a wide variety of manufactured explosive and incendiary items is available for use. 

While most of the pertinent information on sabotage shelf items is available in catalogues and other publications, much of the improvisation know-how has remained in the minds or files of a few individuals. 

Commercial and military explosives of one sort or another are in use around the globe. By far the most desirable ones for sabotage purposes are the military plastic explosives and TNT. 

Dynamites also are used commercially worldwide and often may be more available than military explosives. They may be effectively employed in sabotage, although they are less potent, less versatile, more sensitive to shock or friction, and may not be waterproof. 

This can be done, and literature is available giving formulas and procedures. Unfortunately, the ones easiest and safest to make are the weaker ones and the least effective for most sabotage purposes. 

Many of the more critical target structures in sabotage operations are made of steel. Plastic explosives are the best for steel cutting. They are easier to place and permit the use of a simple rule of thumb for determining the amount of explosive needed rather than working out a complicated mathematical formula. Also, if the proper techniques are used much less explosive is required to do the job than demolitions formulas call for. 

In general, improvised explosives are too complicated to prepare or too weak for steel cutting and most other sabotage tasks. However, if the problem is to get a quantity of lower velocity explosive for cratering or moving a large volume of earth or rock, a good simple one can be prepared from ammonium nitrate fertilizer. 

The cone shaped charge has excellent possibilities for sabotage, especially for use against industrial machinery. The 3.5 rocket itself provides one of the very best shaped charges. A later section on this versatile weapon will describe and illustrate how the rocket head can be removed and used as a placed shaped charge. 

Incendiaries are cheap and little training is needed for their preparation and use. Used in very carefully executed operations, the act of sabotage may be concealed in the ashes of an accidental fire. 

A dust or vapor explosion sometimes happens accidentally in industries, causing great damage. Several readily available materials are explosive when mixed with air in the form of a dust or vapor, so such explosions can be induced as a sabotage technique. Among suitable materials are flour, cornstarch, powdered milk, cocoa, very fine aluminum or magnesium powder, gasoline, and fuel oil. 

CIA Explosives for Sabotage Manual Copyright ( ) 1987 by Paladin Press... 

Duress of occupation Nothing Von Schnitzler admitted had anything to do with troop tactics or sabotage."... 

Altogether, the evidence linked fifty-three American companies, directly or indirectly, to I.G. Farben. In the aggregate all these companies may have been "used" by Farben, but there was no proof that the activities of most of them amounted to sabotage in wartime or even a profitable neutrality before war began. 

General Considerations 1 Location of people relative to the unit 2 Location of critical systems 3 Dominant wind direction 4 Climate and weather extremes earthquake, flooding, windstorms 5 Site topography 6 External hazards or threats (fire/explosion/toxic release from nearby process or facility aircraft subsidence sabotage) 7 Traffic flow patterns and clearances from process vessels and lines 8 Security and reliability of all critical feeds and utilities 9 Command center and alternate command center locations 10 Evacuation routes, emergency exits, safe rally spots... 

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