Woolen fabric

Madder, also known as Turkey red, is a scarlet dye extracted from perennial herbaceous plants of the order Rubiacea, of which there are about 35 species (Chenciner 2001 Farnsworth 1951). A well-known plant from this order is Rubia tinctorum, found naturally in Palestine and Egypt, abundant in Asia and Europe, and extensively cultivated in the ancient world, was widely used for production of the dye since remote antiquity. The use of madder for dyeing seems to have originated in the Middle East it was identified in many textiles found in Egyptian tombs and in woolen fabrics from the Judean Desert in Palestine. It was also used by the ancient Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Madder from other varieties of Rubiacea plants were used by the Incas in ancient Peru (Schaefer 1941 Fieser 1930). 

For centuries, sheep have been bred for their wool-bearing qualities. Production of woolen fabrics is a highly technical process. In its simplest form, sheep are sheared and the wool sorted and cleaned, then the wool is carded to straighten the fibers, spun into thin cords, and woven into fabrics. Each step in this process has been refined to provide a high-quality product of vast commercial importance. 

Woolens are fabrics made from woolen yam, and I here are many types, depending on the weave and weight of the material. These fabrics may contain other materials in small amounts. Worsted is woolen fabric made from good-quality wool fibers that are all roughly of the same length. Felt is matted or compressed hair or wool. 

External hair of animals, generally called wool, was spun into yam and woven into fabrics. Like silk, wool is essentially protein it is composed of various amino acids, a majority of which are keratin. (Unfortunately, the keratin contains sulfur, which attracts certain insects that thrive on wool and contribute to the scarcity of historic woolen fabrics.) The outstanding morphological characteristic of wool fiber is its external scales that overlap in one direction toward the tip of the fiber. The scales can be chemically, mechanically, and temporally damaged and can disappear as the wool deteriorates. Outside of the scales is a membranous layer, the epicuticle inside them is the bulk of the wool fiber, the cortex, which consists of millions of double-pointed, needle-like cells neatly laid... 

Wool fibers are sheared from about 30 major sheep breeds. The length of the wool fibers varies from 1 to 14 inches and depends on the breed, the climate, and the location on the sheep s anatomy. The fibers can be very fine to very coarse, ranging from 10 to 50 microns in diameter. The longer, coarser fibers normally are used for woolen fabrics, whereas the shorter finer ones are used for worsted fabrics. 

Bureau of the Census, Wool Manufactures, Facts for Industry, Series M 15H, monthly, July 1919-. Production of woolen and worsted woven fabrics and consumption of fibers in woolen fabrics. Formerly Series 32-1 (January 1944-December 1944). 

There is a word Numeri-Ramy touch to represent the smoothness of woolen fabrics. The touch varies from a condition of fluffs on a fabric surface to another. The method to measure a feeling of a ramy touch is... 

Chinchilla cloth n. A heavy, twill weave, filling-pile fabric with a napped surface that is rolled into little tufts or nubs. The material is frequently double faced with a knitted or woven, plain or fancy back. Chinchilla cloth is used primarily in coats. The term is also used to refer to a knitted woolen fabric having a napped surface. 

Kersey kor-ze [ME, fr. Kersey, England] (14c) n. A heavily milled woolen fabric having a high lustrous nap and a grainy face, kersey is frequently used in overcoats. 

Papermarker s felt n. Formerly, a heavy, wide, coarse, worsted, or woolen fabric that was threaded between the rolls of the papermaking machine to form an endless conveyer belt for pulp or wet paper in its passage through the machine. These products are now also made of various constructions, woven, and non-woven, of manufactured fibers and monofilaments. 

Specky n. A term used to describe dyed woolen fabric with specks of undyed vegetable matter on the face. The specks can be removed by carbonizing or covered by speck dyeing. 

The majority of the woolen fabrics of Kashmir, and particularly the best-quality shawls, are made of Pashmina. 

Concerns regarding consumers exposure to 1,4-DCB were higher. The substance was used in several everyday applications familiar to many readers moth repellants for woolen fabrics, and bathroom deodorizers and cleaning products. The European Communities concluded that [117, pp. 21-22] ... 

Decatizing brings dimensional stability to woolen fabrics. 

---