Rubiaceae family

Alizarin. There is only one significant plant anthraquinone dye, alizariu [72-48-0] (Cl Natural Red 6, 8, 9,10, 11, and 12 Cl 75330). In ancient times, alizaria was the preferred red dye. Cloth dyed with it has been found in Egyptian tombs dating 6000 years ago. The dye is found in the madder plant, a member of the Rubiaceae family. In 1944 about 35 species of this plant were known (1), but the use of more sophisticated analytical methods led to the detection of many more species by 1984 the number had increased to 50 (2). Of these, tinctorum and R peregrina yield the greatest amount of dye,... 

RPLC separation with spectrophotometric detection is often applied to the identification of the anthraquinone colour components of cochineal, lac dye and madder. [28,40,41,50 53] In particular the latter, containing many colourants, is the object of many research studies. Due to the large number of anthraquinones isolated from plants of the Rubiaceae family, their unambiguous identification solely by UV-Vis detection is not always possible,... 

Figure 13.2 Structures of colour components present in plants of the Rubiaceae family. A, 6 O f3 D xylopyrosyl D glycosyl...

Cyclotides have been isolated from many plant tissues, including leaves, stems, flowers, roots, and Recently, the levels of the Mobius-type cyclotide kalata B1 were quantified in various plant tissues of the Rubiaceae family plant Oldenlandia affinis by Seydel and Dornenburg. They found raised levels of kalata B1 in shoot tips and leaves, while flowers and stems contained significantly lower levels of the peptide. 

Quinone Colors depend on mordant and pH 1. benzoquinone 2. naphthaquinone 3. anthraquinone Carthamine Juglone Alizarin Purpurin Walnut or butternut (Juglans sp.) Rubiaceae family Sorrel (Rumex sp.) Poligonaceae family Forms lake with mordant For 3. pH >7 -> violet-blue pH < 7-> yellow-red AL rose-red Ca bluish-red Zn red-violet Fe black-violet Cr=red brown... 

The cinchona tree belongs to the Rubiaceae family and is a native of the eastern slope of the Andes but has been largely planted in India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Myanmar, with the result of improving the quinine-yielding value of many species by cultivation. There are two official species ... 

Carbineau and C6me (1980/81) Abrupt changes in germination capacity of seeds from tropical member of Rubiaceae family 15,32... 

The biogenetic studies on anthraquinones, iridoids and alkaloids discussed here mostly represent a general biosynthetic pathway for the Rubiaceae family. Despite the relatively large number of new compounds reported from only 13 species, the biosynthetic pathways for the new compounds of this genus are seldom elaborated. 

Mongrand, S Badoc, A Patouille, B Lacomblez, C Chavent, M Bessoule, JJ. Chemotaxonomy of the Rubiaceae family based on leaf fatty acid composition. 

Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) are derived from tryptophan metabolism. MIAs are one of the most structurally diverse class of compounds with over 2,000 structures. They are mostly found in the Apocynaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae family of plants [12]. Similar to BIA biosynthesis, the committed step of MIA biosynthesis begins with the condensation of tryptamine (derived from tryptophan) and secologanin (derived from terpene biosynthesis) to form strictosidine... 

The genus Cinchona (Rubiaceae) comprises about 25 species of tall, evergreen trees that grow in South America. The bark of these trees accumulates qumohue alkaloids that are, like camptotheciu, derived from tryptophan and secologaniu. Cinchona alkaloids are also found in the genus Remijia of the Rubiaceae family. 

Another important organic red color that has served since ancient times for dyeing textile materials is madder. This colorant is derived from the roots of Rubia tinctorum and other plants in the Rubiaceae family it consists of a mixture of alizarin, purpurin, and pseudopurpurin, and thus one might expect that the natural product would yield a variety of shades. It was described by Strabo, Dioscorides, Pliny the Elder, and in the Tahnud. It has been identified on Egyptian textiles as early as 1300 BCE and in six paint pots of Greco-Roman origin that are now in the British Museum. In addition, textiles dyed with madder were sold at the St. Denis... 

The two Cinchona alkaloid selectors will be used to really get into a particular chiral recognition mechanism. Quinine is a natural alkaloid extracted from the bark of the South American Cinchona tree of the Rubiaceae family and used as an anti malaria drug (Fig. 6). Its 8 and 9 positions are, respectively, substituted in the S and R configuration. By chance, quinidine is the mirror image form of quinine, also found in the Cinchona bark with the 8R and 9S configuration. These two alkaloid enantiomers... 

In modem medicine, the medicinal plant-derived products are increasingly being sought after as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals for the treatment of several ailments due to their efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Rubiaceae family, consisting of 13,200 species, is of special interest as they contain economically and medicinally important members [1]. Coffee from Cojfea spp. is considered as second most economically precious commodity after oil worldwide. Furthermore, Rubiaceae family is also often regarded as coffee family. Quinine is the first and most effective antimalarial which is also used as antipyretic and analgesic and antiinflammatory agent, discovered from Cinchona spp. provides evidence for the cmcial role of Rubiaceae family members in the medicinal field [2]. Yohimbe is an aphrodisiac derived from Pausinystalia yohimbe available as prescribed medicine and recently received an exploration as remedy for type 2 diabetes [3]. 

Rubiaceae family plant species play a significant role in day-to-day life being source of many products including, Uncaria gambir (source of taruiin), Calycophyllum, and Neolamarckia chinensis as sources of timbers [4], Gardinea spp. as source of perfume and ornamentals [5]. The plant species of this family are accessible on almost every region of world except Antarctic continents. Uncaria Schreb. (Rubiaceae) spp. are other major sources for the discovery of novel medicinal natural compounds [6]. Species of Uncaria are commonly woody climbers, shrubs, or small trees with characteristic hooks on either side of the shoots [7]. Most of the species of Uncaria are native to Asia and some of them are also distributed in Africa and South America [7]. 

---