Anthraquinone glycoside

Anthraquinone glycosides and their aglycones [2, 4-8] e.g. chrysophanol, emodin, aloe emodin, rhein [9-12] physcione [9, 11, 12], alizarin [10]... 

Anthraquinone glycosides and aglycones can be readily separated on silica layers rising moderately polar developing solvents [41 3]. The best such solvents eonsist of ethyl acetate modified to increase polarity by the addition of alcohols or water for the glycosides or changed to decrease polarity by inclusion of hydrocarbon components. 

For the extraction of colourants from Rubia tinctorum (Figure 13.2) roots, mostly methanol, [42] water-methanol (with the addition of n-amyl alcohol in the case of lake extraction)[19,20] or water-ethanol solutions[38] are used. Additional hydrolysis can be performed with hydrochloric acid[8,19,20,34] and trifluoroacetic acid,[42] but also with madder root enzymes,[42] responsible for cleavage of anthraquinone glycosides into the corresponding aglycones and sugars. 

G.C.H. Derksen, M. Naayer, T.A. van Beek, A. Capelle, I.K. Haaksman, H.A. van Doren and JE. Groot, Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of anthraquinone glycosides from madder roots, Phytochem. Anal., 14, 137 144 (2003). 

G.C.H. Derksen, T.A. van Beek, JE. Groot and A. Capelle, High performance liquid chromato graphic method for the analysis of anthraquinone glycosides and aglycones in madder root (Rubia tinctorum L.), J. Chromatogr. A, 816, 277 281 (1998). 

Anthraquinone glycosides found in senna (Cassia fistulosa) and Aloe spp. have been included in some commercial cathartics. Vicine is a glycoside in fava beans (Vida faba), and causes hemolytic anemia in people who have a genetic deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in their red blood cells. Fava beans are grown as a protein supplement for livestock. 

Anthraquinone glycosides are coloured substances, and are the active components in a number of crude drugs, especially with laxative and purgative properties. Anthraquinone aglycone increases peristaltic action of large intestine. A number of over the counter laxative preparations contain anthraquinone glycosides. The use of anthraquinone drugs, however,... 

Dimeric anthraquinone and their derivatives are also present as aglycones in anthraquinone glycoside found in the plant kingdom. 

The most important anthraquinone glycosides are sennosides, found in the senna leaves and fruits (Cassia senna or Cassia angustifolia). These are, in fact, dimeric anthraquinone glycosides. However, monomeric anthraquinone glycosides are also present in this plant. 

For 0-glycosides, the plant samples are boiled with HCI/H2O to hydrolyse the anthraquinone glycosides to respective aglycones, and the then the above method for free anthraquinones is carried out. 

Anthocyanosides Anthraquinone Anthraquinone derivatives Anthraquinone glycosides Anthraquinone compounds Anthraquinones... 

Aloe latex is an active laxative. Its effect is due to anthraquinone glycosides, aloin A and B (formerly designated barbaloin). Glycosides are probably chemically stable in the stomach (under... 

Cassia multijuga Rich. -topeiuia As a sedative for children Leaves Tenharins Indians [56] Anthraquinones [315,316] anthraquinones glycosides [317] chromone glycosides [318,319] flavonol glycoside [320] ... 

Anthraquinone glycosides exhibit their effect by increasing the tone of the smooth muscle wall in the... 

One of the main groups of phenolic constitnents are anthraquinones, and these have been reported in roots of aloe (16, 24, 25), in leaf exudates of A. elgonica (26) and A. ferox (27). However, in one study, anthraquinone glycosides were not been detected in the root (16). 

Assay In the case of herbal preparations with constituents of known therapeutic activity, assays of their content are required with details of the analytical procedure. Wherever possible, a specific, stability-indicating procedure should be included to determine the content of the herbal substance in the herbal preparation. In cases where use of a nonspecific assay is justified, other supporting analytical procedures should be used to achieve overall specificity. For example, where a UV/VIS spectrophotometric assay is used for anthraquinone glycosides, a combination of the assay and a suitable test for identification (e.g., fingerprint chromatography) can be used. In the case of herbal preparations where the constituents responsible for the therapeutic activity are not known, assays of marker substances or other justified determinations are required. The appropriateness of the choice of marker substance should be justified. 

Cascara sagrada, an anthraquinone glycoside mixture (325 mg p.o. h.s., 1 mL fluid extract daily or 5 mL aromatic fluid extract daily), is used in acute constipation and preparation for bowel or rectal examination. 

Low concentrations of anthraquinone aglycones and traces of anthraquinone glycosides. 

---