Rubia

T. Diaz de la Rubia and M. W. Guinan, in M. van Rossum, ed.. Trends in Ion Implantation, Trans Tech. Pubhcations, Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland, 1992. 

M. P. Freeman andj. A. Fitzpatrick, eds.. Physical Separations, Engineering Foundation, New York, 1980 A. J. Rubia, ed., Chemisty of Wastewater Technology, Ann Arbor Sci., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1978. 

Madder, also known as Turkey red, is a scarlet dye extracted from perennial herbaceous plants of the order Rubiacea, of which there are about 35 species (Chenciner 2001 Farnsworth 1951). A well-known plant from this order is Rubia tinctorum, found naturally in Palestine and Egypt, abundant in Asia and Europe, and extensively cultivated in the ancient world, was widely used for production of the dye since remote antiquity. The use of madder for dyeing seems to have originated in the Middle East it was identified in many textiles found in Egyptian tombs and in woolen fabrics from the Judean Desert in Palestine. It was also used by the ancient Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Madder from other varieties of Rubiacea plants were used by the Incas in ancient Peru (Schaefer 1941 Fieser 1930). 

Rubia cordifolia (Rubia cordifolia var. mungista [Roxb.] Miq, Rubia cordifolia var. stem-phylla Franch, Rubia akane Nak.), or Indian madder, Bengal Madder, ch ien ts ao, ti hsueh, jan fei ts ao, hsueh chien-ch ou. (Chinese), munjette, mandjuchaka (Sanskrit), guo... 

Beng W, Hesse A, Herramann M, Kraft R. Structure elucidation of a new anthraquinone derivatives from Rubia tinctorium. Pharmazie 1975 30 330-334. 

Kasture VS, Deshmukh VK, Chopde CT. Anticonvulsant and behavioral actions of triterpene isolated from Rubia cordifolia Linn. Indian J Exp Biol 2000 38 675-680. 

For the extraction of colourants from Rubia tinctorum (Figure 13.2) roots, mostly methanol, [42] water-methanol (with the addition of n-amyl alcohol in the case of lake extraction)[19,20] or water-ethanol solutions[38] are used. Additional hydrolysis can be performed with hydrochloric acid[8,19,20,34] and trifluoroacetic acid,[42] but also with madder root enzymes,[42] responsible for cleavage of anthraquinone glycosides into the corresponding aglycones and sugars. 

Rubia tinctorum roots Alizarin, alizarin glucoside, purpurin, pseudopurpurin, lucidin glucoside, lucidin primeveroside, munjistin, ruberythric acid EtOH/H20, H2S04 A ACN B ammonium formate/FA with EDTA 250, 254 nm/ESI (+) Post column modification of eluent (5% NH3 in H20) for NI mode... 

Rubia tinctorum roots Alizarin, munjistin, purpurin, pseudopurpurin, lucidin, nordamnacanthal (as glycosides or aglycones) MeOH/H20, TFA, HCI, H20 (enzymatic hydrolysis) ACN/AcONH4 254 nm/ESI (+) Hydrolysis optimization, characterization of root components... 

Wool dyed with Rubia tinctorum and Galium verum Alizarin, quinalizarin, purpurin, xanthopurpurin, purpuroxanthin dimethyl ether, munjistin, rubiadin, nordamnacanthal, anthragallol, kermesic acid, hystazarin, emodin, quinizarin HCI/MeOH/ h2o A H20 B ACN with AcOH or FA 250 nm/ESI ( ) HPLC optimization... 

Analysis of dyed fibres allows identification of real colouring components of natural dyestuffs taking part in the dyeing process. Wool threads dyed with madder (Rubia tinc-torum) as well as Our Lady s bedstraw (Galium verum), were studied by HPLC DAD ESI MS" (SIM mode).[8] Chromatograms of the extracts from wool dyed with madder... 

G.C.H. Derksen, H.A.G. Niederlander and T.A. van Beek, Analysis of anthraquinones in Rubia tinctorum L. by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array UV and mass spectrometric detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 978, 119 127 (2002). 

G.C.H. Derksen, G.P. Lelyveld, T.A. van Beek, A. Capelle and JE. Groot, Two validated HPLC methods for the quantification of alizarin and other anthraquinones in Rubia tinctorum cultivars, Phytochem. Anal., 15, 397 406 (2004). 

Perez J, De La Rubia T, Ben Hamman O, And Martinez J (1998) Phanerochaete flavido-alba laccase induction and modification of manganese peroxidase isoenzyme pattern in decolorized olive oil mill wastewaters. Appl Environ Microbiol 64(7) 2726—2729... 

Martinez-Toledo, M.V., T.D.L. Rubia, J. Moreno, and J. Gonzalez-Lopez. 1988. Effect of diflubenzuron on Azotobacter nitrogen fixation in soil. Chemosphere 17 829-834. 

Rubia, Linda, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. Personal Communication. 

Bertilsson, L., Carrillo, J.A., Dahl, M.L., Llerena, A., Aim, C., Bondesson, U., Lindstrom, L., Rodriguez dela Rubia, I., Ramos, S. and Benitez, J. (1994) Clozapine disposition covaries with CYP1A2 activity determined hy a caffeine test. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 38 (5), 471 173. 

RP-HPLC with DAD and MS detection has also been employed for the determination of anthraquinone pigments in the extract of Rubia tinctorum. The names and chemical structures of anthraquinone pigments found in R. tinctorum are compiled in Table 2.110. 

Fig. 2.147. UV (254) trace of a crude extract of Rubia tinctorum roots and mass spectra (single MS) of the chromatographic peaks for individual anthraquinones lucidin primeveroside (1), ruberythic acid (2), pseudopurpurin (5) and munjistin (6). Mass spectra (a-b) were obtained with NI-ESI with post-column addition of ammonia. Reprinted with permission from G. C. H. Derksen et al. [320].

Rubia K, Smith A. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder current findings and treatment. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2001 14(4) 309-316. 

By contrast, functional magnetic resonance imaging obviates the need to use ionizing radiation. Early results have been intriguing (Vaidya et ah, 1998 Rubia et al., 1999) but important confounds such as medication exposure, first-dose effects, and small sample size require replication. 

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