Plants, herbaceous

Table 39. Reported Maximum Productivities for Recommended Herbaceous Plants ...

The alkaloid Nigellicine proved to be the pyridazino[l,2-u]indazolium-l 1-carboxylate (234) and forms yellow crystals (Scheme 77). It was isolated from the widely distributed herbaceous plant Nigella saliva L., which is used as a spice and for the treatment of various diseases (85TL2759). The structure was determined by an X-ray crystal structure analysis. The carboxylate bond distances are essentially equal (123.3 and 125.6 pm). An intramolecular hydrogen bond was found between the carboxylate oxygen atom and the hydroxy group. In mass spectrometry, the molecular peak was found at mjz —246 (20) and the base peak at mjz —202 which corresponds... 

Xylan-type polysaccharides are the main hemicellulose components of secondary cell walls constituting about 20-30% of the biomass of dicotyl plants (hardwoods and herbaceous plants). In some tissues of monocotyl plants (grasses and cereals) xylans occur up to 50% [6j. Xylans are thus available in huge and replenishable amoimts as by-products from forestry, the agriculture, wood, and pulp and paper industries. Nowadays, xylans of some seaweed represent a novel biopolymer resource [4j. The diversity and complexity of xylans suggest that many useful by-products can be potentially produced and, therefore, these polysaccharides are considered as possible biopolymer raw materials for various exploitations. As a renewable resource, xylans are... 

Four different European herbaceous plants have also been tested for possible mitogenic and comitogenic activities. Using Zymosan as a positive control, all polysaccharide fractions tested had higher activity in the bioassays... 

Fig. 8-4 Typical soil horizon sequence for a Spodosol developed under a coniferous forest (left) and a Mollisol developed under grasses and herbaceous plants.

In order to explain the linkages between strategy and stress response reference will be made to Fig. lb which depicts the patterns of seasonal change in shoot biomass associated with the full spectrum of primary strategies (Fig. la). For simplicity, this diagram refers to the patterns observed in herbaceous plants in a temperate zone situation with a sharply defined growing season. However, the principles adduced can be applied to any life-form or biome. 

Root exudation and microbial colonization have both been shown to change with plant age and stage of development. The quantity of both proteins (54) and carbohydrates (55) released by herbaceous plants has been shown to decrease with increasing plant age. Liljeroth and Baath (56) found bacterial abundance on the... 

In many ecosystems, plants tend to pattern themselves as pure stands or as individuals spaced in rather specific densities or configurations. Many desert species show obvious zones of inhibition around which few, if any, alien species are able to invade. These patterns often cannot be adequately explained by competition alone, and are probably caused by a combination of factors including allelopathy. The phenomenon happens with herbaceous plants as well as woody shrubs and trees. 

Madder, also known as Turkey red, is a scarlet dye extracted from perennial herbaceous plants of the order Rubiacea, of which there are about 35 species (Chenciner 2001 Farnsworth 1951). A well-known plant from this order is Rubia tinctorum, found naturally in Palestine and Egypt, abundant in Asia and Europe, and extensively cultivated in the ancient world, was widely used for production of the dye since remote antiquity. The use of madder for dyeing seems to have originated in the Middle East it was identified in many textiles found in Egyptian tombs and in woolen fabrics from the Judean Desert in Palestine. It was also used by the ancient Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Madder from other varieties of Rubiacea plants were used by the Incas in ancient Peru (Schaefer 1941 Fieser 1930). 

A number of yellow dyes were known in antiquity weld and saffron seem to have been the most widely used, but barberry root, turmeric, Persian berries, and safflower have also been identified in ancient fibers. Weld, probably the oldest European-known yellow dye, is derived from the herbaceous plant Roseda luteola, which is indigenous to central Europe. The dye is distributed throughout the entire plant, although it is concentrated in the upper... 

The family Aristolochiaceae is a family of herbaceous plants often used in Asia and the Pacific to counteract snake poisoning, promote urination and menses, mitigate stomachache, and treat dropsy and skin diseases. During the past 20 years, members of this family, especially from the genus Aristolochia have attracted much interest and has been the subject of numerous chemical and pharmacological studies. The anti-inflammatory property of Aristolochia species is probably the result of a direct... 

The objective of this paper was to investigate the anticlastogenic and antitoxic effects exerted by HS of various origin and nature on several monocotyledon and dicotyledon herbaceous plant species treated with different mutagenic and phytotoxic compounds. 

Ferrara G, Loffredo E, Senesi N (2001) Aquatic humic substances inhibit clasto-genic events in germinating seeds of herbaceous plants. J Agric Food Chem 49 1652-1657... 

In terrestrial plants, paraquat s action is at the point of local absorption (Anonymous 1963). Characteristic damage signs to susceptible species include wilting and general collapse in herbaceous plants. Regrowth may occur in some perennial plants, but in resistant species temporary scorch may be the most marked effect (Anonymous 1963). In sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), paraquat... 

Because the water content of woody plant tissues is generally less than that of herbaceous plant tissues, 6 8 mL of homogenizing solution is... 

Fig. 6.3 Conceptual drawing of the distribution of different groups of herbaceous plants in relation to major plant nutrients. Cycles represent the distribution of grasses, herbs, and legumes. Species with mycorrhiza are able to exploit sites low in both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Highly productive species, such as ruderal plants, need conditions abundant in N and P. 

The tundra zone and corresponding tundra ecosystems occupy the northernmost strip of the continental area of Eurasia and North America bathed by the seas of the Arctic basin. The climate conditions of the tundra zone provide for a higher productivity of ecosystems and higher activity of biogeochemical cycles of various elements as compared with the Arctic ecosystems. The mosses, lichens, and herbaceous plant species are predominant in the northern part of the Tundra ecosystems and shrubs are prevalent in the southern part. 

The content of many elements in the roots and in the aerial parts of herbaceous plant species is different. In the root mass of grasses the content of heavy metals... 

The USDA (1999) defines organic wetland soils as having an organic carbon content of at least 12 % if the mineral fraction has no clay, 18 % if > 60 % clay, or 12-18 % if < 60 % clay. Further differentiation is based on the botanical origin of the organic matter-whether mosses, herbaceous plants, or woody plants-and its state of decomposition fibrists contain predominantly recognizable, little-decomposed plant debris, saprists predominantly well-decomposed plant debris. 

What is an herbaceous plant 178 Planting styles 184 Herbaceous plants in containers 190 Caring for herbaceous plants 196 Raising your own plants... 

Well-rotted manure can be dug into the soil or spread over it as a mulch, especially if it contains plenty of straw. Don t let it touch living plant stems. The main use for manures is in the vegetable garden, on hungry crops such as potatoes, zucchini, pumpkins, squashes, tomatoes, and brassicas. They also make a good topdressing for roses that are pruned hard every year, and for herbaceous plants, applied every two or three years. 

The term "herbaceous" applies, botanically, to any plant that does not form a persistent woody stem. Confusingly, though, "herbaceous" is commonly used as shorthand for "herbaceous perennial," to mean plants such as hostas, delphiniums, and the like, that die down in the winter, and return every spring. These plants may also be referred to simply as "perennials." This chapter, however, covers the whole spectrum of herbaceous plants—annuals, biennials, bulbs, and half-hardy perennials grown as annuals, as well as herbaceous perennials, and including grasses. 

Foliage and flowers While trees and shrubs form the permanent structure of most garden plantings, herbaceous plants bring a wealth of seasonal variety. 

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