Repetition of tasks

B Task analysis 1. Tasks relating to material work objects 2. Tasks relating to abstract work objects 3. Man-related tasks 4. Number and repetitiveness of tasks ... 

The second part of the questionnaire includes questions directly related to various unexplored aspects such as physical factors, psychosocial, repetition of tasks and auxiliary equipment used for moving costumers. 

Regarding the repetition of tasks, (95.3%) consider the lifting of costumers as the task that is performed most repeatedly, (52.3%) indicate that they have difficulty moving while performing certain tasks to the user and (73.3%) consider that the height of the bed is not the best. 

The variability of the linear pathway in repetitions of tasks after days... 

The patient which deviates mostly from the changes in healthy subjects is SI7 because the asymmetry between linEN(a22l) and HnEN(a22r) is reversed. This is also observable in patient SIO. It shows that in some patients the prolonged linear pathways may become shortened in the repeated task and vice versa. Ths can only be the case if the connection is not interrupted but is deficient with fluctuating functional losses or gains. This may be the next intermediate state between the asymmetry of elementary times and the irreversible loss of standard pathways. If a patient shows the same prolongation of linEN in all repetitions of tasks, one may assume that he or she has lost its standard pathways (eg patient S02 shows relative constant linEN in the repetition). 

The use of "fixed" automation, automation designed to perform a specific task, is already widespread ia the analytical laboratory as exemplified by autosamplers and microprocessors for sample processiag and instmment control (see also Automated instrumentation) (1). The laboratory robot origiaated ia devices coastmcted to perform specific and generally repetitive mechanical tasks ia the laboratory. Examples of automatioa employing robotics iaclude automatic titrators, sample preparatioa devices, and autoanalyzers. These devices have a place within the quality control (qv) laboratory, because they can be optimized for a specific repetitive task. AppHcation of fixed automation within the analytical research function, however, is limited. These devices can only perform the specific tasks for which they were designed (2). 

To support your assertion, you will need to discuss the poem s content, structure, and style. But that s only part of the task. In addition to telling the readers why you think what you do about the poem, you also need to show them the evidence that led you to your conclusion. Thus, you can tell readers that the poem suggests loss by the repetition of the short i sound, known as a phonetic intensive, in line 4 (thin, splinter, singing). You can also explain how metaphor is used to emphasize the same theme, and show evidence by quoting the last line, which describes the voice of the last cricket by comparing it to a thin splinter. 

The requirements for the review of requests, tenders and contracts formulated in this standard are hard to fulfil in the routine work of a laboratory. For repetitive routine tasks, the review has to be made only at the initial enquiry stage or on the... 

It was at this point in the Spring of 1773 that Lavoisier embarked on a systematic study of the fixation and liberation of airs, a topic much pursued in other countries but The French Chemists alone seem not to take any part in these important inquiries. The results of this intensely pursued task were published in January of 1774 as Opuscules physiques et chymiques (Physical and Chemical Essays). In the first half of this book, Lavoisier thoroughly reviewed the work previously published on the topic in the second part he described his own experiments, consisting chiefly of repetitions of earlier work, though often with different observations and interpretations. Here for the first time he put into print his view of calcination and reduction of metals. 

Bonnet MH, Webb WB. The effect of repetition of relevant and irrelevant tasks over day and night work periods. Ergonomics 1978 21 999-1005. 

As mentioned earlier, the analyst must take care that the results of analysis are reliable (i.e., both accurate and precise). Good precision of determinations obtained using a given method is not enough reason for uncritical satisfaction. There are known cases in which a laboratory provided very precise results that were, however, far from the true value [8, 11, 15]. Although precision can easily be checked internally, for example, by making several repetitions of the determination and calculation of standard deviation, confidence level, and so on, checking accuracy is a much more difficult task. Several approaches are possible ... 

Disproportionation of Silyl Radicals. Faced with the task of generating a series of sterically hindered polysilyl substituted radicals upon irradiation, the authors have proposed a tentative reaction scheme involving silyl radical formation, disproportionation to silanes and silenes, and readdition of silyl radicals to the silenes. The disproportionation of silyl radicals is a well-established process that is kinetically competitive with recombination (46). Repetition of this process would lead eventually to highly sterically encumbered and undoubtedly persistent silicon-based radicals carrying only silicons in the a positions. Although such a scheme would explain much of the data in this obviously very complex process, it is very tentative, and other possible routes to and structures for the persistent silyl radicals have not been ruled out (58). 

In practice, what does this imply Without going into detail, it must be stated that such a way of working is only possible if the laboratory has foreseen — a priori action — that repetition of the task can be undertaken and that this is the way customers should be handled. Quality work can only be produced in an organised system a quality system. It involves all aspects of the laboratory that affect the production of results people (analysts, managers, administrators), infrastructure (buildings, equipment), supply (chemicals, reference materials etc.) and control of third parties (maintenance companies, security auditors etc.). Everything must be up to date goods and people. 

Hierachical encapsulation. Real-world workflows can become very complex. It is useful to represent subflows of the workflow as a single simple entity, which can reveal its full detail only when required. This encapsulating behavior also encourages the clean reuse of these subflows and avoids tedious repetition of the same set of tasks in multiple locations in the workflow. 

A spreadsheet macro is a computer program that can be called from inside a spreadsheet. The simplest macros merely allow the user to record a sequence of spreadsheet operations, which the computer then memorizes, and can repeat upon demand. All modern spreadsheets have facilities for recording and using macros to repeat a given series of instructions. While these can be quite useful for routine, repetitive computational tasks, their benefit in the present context is small, although we may occasionally use them to find out how Excel encodes visually entered information. 

With the ever-increasing need to improve quality and productivity in the analytical pharmaceutical laboratory, automation has become a key component. Automation for vibrational spectroscopy has been fairly limited. Although most software packages for vibrational spectrometers allow for the construction of macro routines for the grouping of repetitive software tasks, there is only a small number of automation routines in which sample introduction and subsequent spectral acquisition/data interpretation are available. For the routine analysis of alkali halide pellets, a number of commercially available sample wheels are used in which the wheel contains a selected number of pellets in specific locations. The wheel is then indexed to a sample disk, the IR spectrum obtained and archived, and then the wheel indexed to the next sample. This system requires that the pellets be manually pressed and placed into the wheel before automated spectral acquisition. A similar system is also available for automated liquid analysis in which samples in individual vials are pumped onto an ATR crystal and subsequently analyzed. Between samples, a cleaning solution is passed over the ATR crystal to reduce cross-contamination. Automated diffuse reflectance has also been introduced in which a tray of DR sample cups is indexed into the IR sample beam and subsequently scanned. In each of these cases, manual preparation of the sample is necessary (23). In the field of Raman spectroscopy, automation is being developed in conjunction with fiber-optic probes and accompanying... 

In each Check it the reader has to perform a series of tasks in the correct order. To reduce the text part of each Check it to the minimum and to stop being repetitive these operations and commands will be described in more detail here. The three main tasks are ... 

A risk factor is defined as an attribute or exposure that increases the probability of a disease or disorder (Putz-Anderson, 1988). Biomechanical risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders include repetitive and sustained exertions, awkward postures, and application of high mechanical forces. Vibration and cold environments may also accelerate the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Typical tools that can be used to identify the potential for development of musculoskeletal disorders include conducting work-methods analyses and checklists designed to itemize undesirable work site conditions or worker activities that contribute to injury. Since most of manual work requires the active use of the arms and hands, the structures of the upper extremities are particularly vulnerable to soft tissue injury. WUEDs are typically associated with repetitive manual tasks with forceful exertions, such as those performed at assembly lines, or when using hand tools, computer keyboards and other devices, or operating machinery. These tasks impose repeated stresses to the upper body, that is, the muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerve tissues, and neurovascular structures. There are three basic types of WRDs to the upper extremity tendon disorder (such as tendonitis), nerve disorder (such as carpal tunnel syndrome), and neurovascular disorder (such as thoracic outlet syndrome or vibration-Raynaud s syndrome). The main biomechanical risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders are presented in Table 22. 

With respect to task repetitivness, it is believed today that jobs with a cycle time of less than 30 seconds and a fundamental cycle that exceeds 50% of the total cycle (exposure) time lead to increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Because of neurophysiological needs of the working muscles, adequate rest pauses (determined based on scientific knowledge on the physiology of muscular fatigue and recovery) should be scheduled to provide relief for the most active muscles used on the job. Furthermore, reduction in task repetition can be achieved by, for example, by task enlargement (increasing variety of tasks to perform), increase in the job cycle time, and work mechanization and automation. 

Unfortunately, this simple view does not cover aU of the situations for which an audit program may be needed. While it works well for the rather repetitive tasks performed at a single workplace, typical of much manufacturing and service industry, it cannot suffice when these conditions do not hold. One relaxation is to remove the stipulation of a particular incumbent, allowing for jobs that require frequent rotation of tasks. This means that the results for one task will depend upon the incumbent chosen, or that several tasks will need to be combined if an individual operator is of... 

Other task considerations dealing with the content of the task that ate related to the physical requirements include the pace or rate of work, the amount of repetition in task activities, and work pressure due to production demands. Task activities that are highly repetitive and paced by machinety rather than by the employee tend to be stressful. Such conditions also diminish an employee s attention to hazards and the capability to respond to a hazard due to boredom. These conditions may produce cumulative trauma disorders to the musculoskeletal system when the task activity cycle time is short and constant. Tasks with relatively low workload and energy expenditure can be very hazardous due to the high frequency of muscle and joint motions and boredom, which leads to employee inattention to hazards. 

In the functioned oiganizations where division of labor is based on speciaJization, each function performs the same set of tasks repeatedly. Due to repetition, learning is built into the process. In a project, division of labor can take many different forms and has to be designed carefully because a project is a one-time effort and improvement by repartition is not built into it. 

---