Parallel Experimentation

A second strategy relies on parallel experimentation. In this case, the same experimental step is performed over n samples in n separated vessels at the same time. Robotic equipment such as automated liquid-handlers, multi-well reactors and auto-samplers for the analysis are used to perform the repetitive tasks in parallel. This automated equipment often works in a serial fashion as, for example, a liquid handler with a single dispensing syringe filling the wells of a microtiter plate, one after another. However, the chemical formation of the catalyst or the catalytic reaction are run at the same time, assuming that their rate is slow compared to the time needed to add all the components. The whole process appears parallel for the human user whose intervention is reduced. 

A parallel setup is generally recommended, in which a different NMR tube is used for each measurement temperature (Table D3.1.1). However, when the amount of sample is limited, it may be necessary to use a serial rather than parallel experimental design. In a serial measurement, after measuring a sample at the first (lowest) temperature, it is transferred to the next warmest tempering block, held at the measurement temperature for the appropriate incubation time, and then remeasured. The process is repeated until the entire temperature range has been covered. Note that the solid fat content of a given sample is a function of thermal history, so serial and parallel measurements may give dissimilar results. 

Electron spectrometry of atoms using synchrotron radiation has become an increasing and important field of fundamental physics within the last two decades. The increasing availability of dedicated facilities with tunable synchrotron radiation has allowed detailed exploration of the atom-photon interaction which must take into account the electron-electron interactions, usually termed electron correlations. The parallel experimental and theoretical developments have permitted rather sophisticated investigations of the response of the atomic many-electron... 

Jones JP, Trager WF, Carlson TJ. The binding and regioselectivity of reaction of (R)-nicotine and (S)-nicotine with cytochrome-P-450cam - parallel experimental and theoretical-studies. J Am Chem Soc 1993 115 381-387. 

A parallel experimental effort to study the internal motion may also demand design ingenuity. To be realistic, the droplets under testing are to be small (of the order of 100 /un), free from any suspension device, and are subjected to the shearing action of high-speed gas stream. Hence observation of stationary droplets may not be easy. Furthermore, direct optical probing of the droplet interior may also be diflBcult because of the severe degree of internal reflection for the small droplets involved. 

It is hoped that this theoretical investigation will add impetus to a the parallel experimental study on atomic characteristics of helium considered. 

Corkan, L. A. and Lindsey, J. S. Experiment manager software for an automated chemistry workstation, including a scheduler for parallel experimentation. Chem. Intel Lab. Syst. Lab. Inf. Management V7-.47-74, 1992. 

Employing the MC simulation technique introduced in the previous section we now turn to a detailed discussion of thermoph3raical properties of confined fluids. In particular, we intend to illustrate the intimate relation between these properties and imique structural features caused by the competition between various length scales pertinent to specific confinement scenarios. These studies arc largely motivated by parallel experimental work employing the SFA. Therefore, we begin with a concise description of some key aspects of SFA experiments. 

In other work related to bleaching chemistry, the reactions of chlorine dioxide with monomeric [44] and dimeric [45] lignin model compounds have been studied computationally. These studies closely parallel experimental work in which oxidation mechanisms were proposed [46-51]. In accord with the experimental work, which reports higher reactivity of phenolic compounds, the heats of reaction for these compounds are lower than those for etherified models. The experimentally based mechanisms were generally found to be energetically feasible, but in some cases the electronic results were not consistent with the proposed mechanisms. 

Furthermore, the need for even higher productivity and intensifying competition now pushes us towards the industrialization of the Process R D activity. Various PR D groups now use continuous processes and microreactors, predictive modeling of processes and properties, automation, parallel experimentation and the use of robots DOE and multivariate analysis, etc. 

High-throughput experimentation combines advanced miniaturized, automated and parallel experimental methods together with computational techniques to provide a faster and more efficient route to better, cheaper and more environmentally friendly products and processes. High-throughput experimentation increases the rate of materials discovery and development up to 1000-fold. However, there must also be developed techniques for... 

Appreciate the role of parallel experimentation in searching for pharamaceuticals. 

In parallel, experimental organic chemistry grew in scope and sophistication. A large body of information was acquired allowing precise measurements of molecular geometries, spectroscopic parameters, and reaction kinetics to provide the necessary basis for the fruitful application of stereoelectronic ideas on a quantitative basis. 

Rationale is given to parallel experimental cychc voltammetric and conducti-metric tests in which the ions are either present or absent inside the coordination sphere the results also depend on the nature of the metal and of the Th structural unit. In particular, reversible uptake of Cu(ll) ions by macrocyclic ligands... 

Parallel experimentation in three samples in order to guarantee the reproducibility of experiment. 

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