Risk tools identification

To avoid the damage of human health and contamination of particular elements of the environment it is necessary to apply the risk management process which is significant and still rmderrated tool in the Czech Republic. No matter the characteristic and sector classification of the researched risk in the risk evaluation process it is possible to identify common elementary steps like the risk resources identification, to evaluate, to semi-quantify or quantify all risks, to propose and then to implement adequate preventive countermeasures for the critical risks. Within the waste disposal process in this phase this method must be applied, i.e. in the phase of a landfill planning, operations and closing. Just only in this was it is possible to reach an efficient risk control and reduction. 

The acronym for chemical process quantitative risk analysis. It is the process of hazard identification followed by numerical evaluation of incident consequences and frequencies, and their combination into an overall measure of risk when applied to the chemical process industry. It is particularly applied to episodic events. It differs from, but is related to, a probabilistic risk analysis (PRA), a quantitative tool used in the nuclear industry... 

NOMIRACLE (2004-2009, http //viso.jrc.it/nomiracle/) provided support to the development and improvement of a coherent series of methodologies underpinned by mechanistic understanding, while integrating the risk analysis approaches of environmental and human health. The project delivered understanding of and tools for sound risk assessment, developing a research framework for the description and interpretation of combined stressor effects that leads to the identification of biomarkers and other indicators of cumulative impacts. 

Logic Model Methods The following tools are most commonly used in quantitative risk analysis, but can also be useful qualitatively to understand the combinations of events which can cause an accident. The logic models can also be useful in understanding how protective systems impact various potential accident scenarios. These methods will be thoroughly discussed in the Risk Analysis subsection. Also, hazard identification and evaluation tools discussed in this section are valuable precursors to a quantitative risk analysis (QRA). Generally a QRA quantifies the risk of hazard scenarios which have been identified by using tools such as those discussed above. 

It is mentioned that the TTC concept has been incorporated in the risk assessment processes in a number of regulatory schemes as a scientifically sound tool to justify waiving or generation of animal data. It is also stressed that, in contrast to approaches such as read-across or chemical categorization, the use of the TTC is not focused or limited to the identification of potential hazards but also provides a quantitative estimate of potency. 

Risk assessment starts with risk identification, a systematic use of available information to identify hazards (i.e., events or other conditions that have the potential to cause harm). Information can be from a variety of sources including stakeholders, historical data, information from the literature, and mathematical or scientific analyses. Risk analysis is then conducted to estimate the degree of risk associated with the identified hazards. This is estimated based on the likelihood of occurrence and resultant severity of harm. In some risk management tools, the ability to detect the hazard may also be considered. If the hazard is readily detectable, this may be considered a factor in the overall risk assessment. Risk evaluation determines if the risk is acceptable based on specified criteria. In a quality system environment, criteria would include impact on the overall performance of the quality system and the quality attributes of the finished product. The value of the risk assessment depends on how robust the data used in the assessment process is judged to be. The risk assessment process should take into account assumptions and reasonable sources of uncertainty. Risk assessment activities should be documented. 

Misidentification is a potential risk when the library of mass spectra is relatively incomplete. Lacking the availability of a comprehensive, commercially available library, laboratories resort to make their own and it could take several years to develop a comprehensive tool, although hardly ever complete. Lack of reference spectra could lead to incorrect identification of isovalerylglycine (pivalic acid conjugates),... 

As the use of metabonomics advances, there are several challenges facing scientists using this tool that must be addressed in order to make it more mainstream and more relevant to predicting toxicity, and useful for hazard identification, human risk assessment and clinical medicine. First, advancing the use of metabonomics to identify mechanisms of toxicity is essential, and such efforts should help to increase the overall usefulness, validity, and relevance of toxicity prediction and biomarker development. Second, the use of metabonomic evaluations in the course of chronic toxicity rather than the heretofore emphasis on acute studies will help to establish its place in following the... 

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models have proven their utility, from both the pharmaceutical and toxicological perspectives, for the identification of chemicals that might interact with ER. While their primary function in the pharmaceutical enterprise is lead discovery and optimization for high-affinity ER ligands, QSAR models can play an essential role in toxicology as a priority-setting tool for risk assessment. 

Tools should be developed to support the identification of mixture exposure situations that may cause unexpectedly high risks compared to the standard null models of CA and RA, for example, based on an analysis of food consumption and behavioral patterns, and the occurrence of common mixture combinations that cause synergistic effects. 

In this context it is important to improve the analysis of the extent to which sensitive organisms and ecosystems in such areas may need specific test methods and specific concern in environmental risk assessment of chemicals (Breitholtz et al. 2006a). In the future, it is therefore important to increase research efforts to elucidate potential consequences of varying physical and chemical environmental factors for toxicity of a wide range of chemical substances, in order to develop tools for hazard identification and dose-response assessment that include scientifically well-based combinations of species, endpoints and environmental factors. The battery of endpoints to select from should, as far as possible, comprise population level data (Forbes and Calow 1999, Forbes et al. 2001, Breitholtz et al. 2006a), possibly obtained by using population models. 

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