Human risk assessment

Olden, K., and Klein, J.-L. (1995). Environmental health science research and human risk assessment. Mol, Carcinogen. 14, 2-9. 

Savolainen, K. M. (1997). The use of maximum tolerated dose in rodent carcinogenicity bioas says and its relevance to human risk assessment. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 16, 190-192. 

This chapter considers the recently developed tools and the latest versions of the old tools. Some of the tools comprise not only the environmental compartments used on environmental risk assessment but also the human compartment necessary for human health risk assessment. For this reason, when summarizing the models, as described in the second part of this chapter, several characteristics of human compartment are discussed as well. However, a detailed description of human compartment together with a wide range of tools developed for exposure and human risk assessment is presented in the next chapter. 

For the two aforementioned steps, hazard identification and hazard characterization, data adequacy is of high importance. The data adequacy is defined by the reliability and the relevance of the data for human risk assessment [3],... 

Human risk assessment (HRA) was done applying guidelines from the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) and selecting water ingestion as route of exposure for human health assessment [20]. According to the... 

Lake B. 1999. Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity, relevance for human risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 37(4) 423-453. 

Mammal-derived TEFs underestimate the potency of planar PCB mixtures in fish (Newsted et al. 1995). TEF values of non-ort/zo-PCB congeners based on mortality of rainbow trout in early life stages are as much as 1000 times lower than TEFs proposed for human risk assessment (Walker... 

Holson, J.F., J.M. DeSesso, A.R. Scialli, and C.F. Farr. 1998. Inorganic arsenic and prenatal development a comprehensive evaluation for human risk assessment. SEGH 3rd Inter. Conf. Arsenic Expos. Health Effects 23. 

BorghoffSJ. 1993. 2u-Globulin-mediated male rat nephropathy and kidney cancer relevance to human risk assessment. Chemical Industry Institute of Technology (CUT) Activities 1-8. 

Frankos, V (1985). FDA perspectives on the use of teratology data for human risk assessment. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 5 615-625. 

Most immunotoxic responses express a clear dose-response relationship that can be used for human risk assessment. However, it is more difficult to extrapolate in vitro concentrations than in vivo animal doses (plasma concentrations) to the clinical dose. 

In the absence of information to demonstrate that such a selection is incorrect, data from the animal species, strain, and sex showing the greatest sensitivity to a chemical s toxic properties will be selected as the basis for human risk assessment. 

Risk Assessment. The Gearhart model provided strong evidence that temperature changes play an important role in predicting chloroform metabolism in mice and also provided a testable hypothesis for the lack of fit of the Corley model prediction with respect to the mouse data. These data strengthen the Corley model and its implications for human risk assessment (see the Corley model description above). 

Dome JLCM, Ragas AMJ, Frampton GK et al (2007) Trends in human risk assessment of pharmaceuticals. Anal Bioanal Chem 387 1167-1172... 

In summary, our data provide evidence for the suitability of zebrafish eleuther-oembryos as a predictive vertebrate model for evaluating the effect of individual chemicals and mixtures on thyroid gland function. TIQDT performed on zebrafish eleutheroembryos is an alternative whole-organism screening assay that provides relevant information for environmental and human risk assessments. 

ECETOC. 2006. Toxicological modes of action Relevance for human risk assessment. ECETOC Technical Report No. 99. Brussels ECETOC. 

Gonzalez, F. J., C. L. Crespi, and H. V. Gelboin, cDNA-Expressed Human Cytochrome P450s A New Age of Molecular Toxicology and Human Risk Assessment, Mutat. Res., 247, 113-127 (1991). 

Lake, B.G (1999) Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogencity relevance for human risk assessment. Food chem. Toxicol., 37, 423 53 Lake, B.G Evans, J.G (1993) Effect of pretreatment with some mixed-function oxidase enzyme inducers on the acute hepatotoxicity of coumarin in the rat. Food chem. Toxicol., 31, 963-970... 

H, Visser R (2000) Work in OECD on Chemical Safety Approaches for human risk assessment. Industrial Health 38 109-119... 

Establish and develop better (molecular) markers of effects on reproduction and development. Those that may have a human and animal congruence would be particularly useful and would aid in the evaluation and use of animal data in human risk assessment. 

Kimmel CA (1990) Quantitative approaches to human risk assessment for noncancer health effects. Neurotoxicology, 11 189-198. 

Meselson M, Russel K, et al. Comparisons of carcinogenic and mutagenic potency. In Hiatt HH, Watson JD, Winsten JA, eds. Origins of Human Cancer, Book C Human Risk Assessment. Cold Spring Harbor, NY Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1977. 

ECETOC (1988) Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane) Human Risk Assessment using Experimental Animal Data (Technical Report No. 32), European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals... 

The NAS also examined the application of quantitative models such as log probit and log logistic for human risk assessments for noncar-... 

B.C. Hitzfeld, S.J. Hoger and D.R. Dietrich, Cyanobacterial toxins removal drinking water treatment and human risk assessment, Environ. Health Perspect., 108 (2000) 113-122. 

Williams, T.M., Rawlins, B.G., Smith, B. and Breward, N. (1998) In-vitro determination of arsenic bioavailability in contaminated soil and mineral beneflciation waste from Ron Phibun, southern Thailand a basis for improved human risk assessment. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 20(4), 169-77. 

---