Administration ease

Later that year, the outgoing Ford Administration eased the previous federal stand against decriminalization, encouraging discussion of this issue for the first time in a policy statement from the Strategy Council on Drug Abuse. Ford s chief advisor on drugs, Robert DuPont, stated that marijuana was less harmful than alcohol or tobacco and urged decriminalization of limited home production. 

Physical stability is also an issue. Farmers do not have the time to premix individual doses of suspensions, nor constantly shake the bottle between administrations to some several hundred individual cows of their herd. Thus, for example, in the case of suspensions, the final product physical characteristics are often a balance between retardation of sedimentation and ease of flow to draw up into the syringe. Thus a critical evaluation of existing suspension products by a formulation scientist new to the field may draw false conclusions as to the need for an improved product based on ease of administration since there is more than pharmaceutical elegance involved in developing the perfect veterinary formulation. Indeed, a farmer is less interested in what the product looks like compared with its efficacy profile, ease of use, ease of administration, ease of removal, tissue residue profile, and time it takes to herd, administer, and release his animals back into the paddock. Veterinary formulation scientists may therefore trade off pharmaceutical elegance to improve other features, provided the efficacy and safety profile is acceptable and not altered during storage. 

This wide range of pharmacokinetic properties, along with thek ease of administration, broad spectmm antimicrobial activity, and noninterference with host-defense mechanisms is responsible for thek widespread use five decades after thek discovery. 

Onee the information is entered into EDS it is available for display, eommunieation, status, manipulation, and arehiving. A eolor graphie operator interfaee (VGA high resolution monitor with integral keyboard) is provided. The standard operator interfaee with eombined sereen and keyboard was seleeted based on loeation flexibility, ease of use, and eompatibility with future EDS paekages. A baekup two-line display/keyboard is provided should the main operator interfaee(s) or the Administrative CPU fail. 

If the area and eorridor ean be maintained free of safety hazards arising from the hazardous waste operation, the work probably would not fall under the requirements. In this ease, the area and eorridor would eonstitute a temporary support zone. Beeause the work involves eleetri-eal utilities, it would fall under the most proteetive standard of praetiee, sueh as OSHA s Eleetrieal Standard or the National Eleetrie Code (NEC). Also, there may be other requirements that apply. Administrative eontrols sueh as HAZWOPER-trained eseorts are used to make eertain that the utility workers are not exposed to any hazards from the operation. The proeedures to be followed are doeumented in the site-speeifie HASP [1]. 

The sedation side effect commonly observed on administration of classical antihistaminic drugs has been attributed in part to the ease with which many of these compounds cross the blood brain barrier. There have been developed recently a series of agoits, for example, terfenadine (198), which cause reduced sedation by virtue of decreased penetration into the CNS. This is achieved by making them more hydrophilic. Synthesis of a related compound, ebastine (197),... 

The administration of drugs to ease disease and chronic, severe pain or to provide benefits such as hormone replacement therapy is difficult because drugs taken orally may lose much of their potency in the harsh conditions of the digestive system. In addition, they are distributed throughout the entire body, not just where they are needed, and side effects can be significant. Recently, however, techniques have been developed to deliver drugs gradually over time, to the exact location in the body where they are needed, and even at the time when they are needed. 

Partition coefficients are thought to reflect the probability that a compound can diffuse, from the site of administration to a site of biological action, within a standard time interval (21). The electronic and steric factors, o and E, are assumed to reflect the reactivity of a crucial reaction site on the molecule, e.g., in the case of the nltrosamines, the ease of enzymatic oxidation of an a C-H bond (8, 24). 

The choice of ADHD medication should be made based on the patient s condition, the prescriber s familiarity with the medications, the ease of administration, and cost. Stimulants should be used first line in most ADHD patients, although there is no dear advantage of using one stimulant over another in managing symptoms of ADHD.16... 

The intranasal formulation is the preferred route of administration owing to ease of administration and fewer adverse effects, which mainly are local in nature. Adverse effects associated with the intranasal formulation include rhinitis, nasal irritation, and dryness. Hypersensitivity can develop with either formulation and should be considered before administering to patients with a suspected risk of hypersensitivity. 

Erythromycin is considered the optimal drug for treatment of Campylobacter infections. The rate of resistance of Campylobacter to erythromycin remains low. Other advantages of this drug include ease of administration, low cost, lack of major toxicity, and narrow spectrum of activity.14 The recommended dosage for adults is 250 mg orally four times daily or 500 mg orally twice daily for 5 to 7 days. For very ill patients, treatment with gentamicin, imipenem, cefotaxime, or chloramphenicol is indicated, but susceptibility tests should be performed. 

The most commonly used dose for fludarabine is 20 mg/m2 intravenously daily for 5 consecutive days, whereas chlorambucil can be taken daily as an oral tablet with the dose ranging from 4 to 10 mg/day.21 Fludarabine is associated with more toxicities than chlorambucil, including myelosuppression and prolonged immunosuppression.19 Resulting infectious complications may occur during the periods of prolonged immunosuppression. The ease of administration and limited side effects make chlorambucil a practical option for symptomatic elderly patients who require palliative therapy... 

High-dose dexamethasone (40 mg/day) is an option for patients who cannot tolerate chemotherapy or have few high-risk features. Response rates are approximately 40% to 50% in previously untreated patients.37 Advantages of this regimen include ease of administration and lack of hematologic adverse effects. 

Bone disease is a common manifestation of multiple myeloma. Bisphosphonates should be initiated in symptomatic patients with bone lesions to slow osteopenia and reduce the fracture risk associated with the disease. Pamidronate and zolendronic acid have equivalent efficacy in the management of osteolytic lesions, but because of relative ease of administration, zolendronic acid is used most frequently.43 The use of zolendronic acid decreases pain and bone-related complications and improves quality of life. The suggestion that bisphosphonates have direct antimyeloma activity, based on the ability to inhibit NF-kB signaling, remains controversial. Recent cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw have been a major concern. Risk factors are unclear, but osteonecrosis of the jaw is more common in patients receiving intravenous administration of bisphosphonates and having dental procedures performed. It is recommended that patients... 

Nasogastric or orogastric Short-term Intact gag reflex Normal gastric emptying Manually at bedside Ease of placement Allows for all methods of administration Inexpensive Multiple commercially available tubes and sizes Potential tube displacement Potential increased aspiration risk... 

Historically, the oral route of administration has been used the most for both conventional and novel drug-delivery systems. There are many obvious reasons for this, not the least of which would include acceptance by the patient and ease of administration. The types of sustained- and controlled-release systems employed for oral administration include virtually every currently known theoretical mechanism for such application. This is because there is more flexibility in dosage design, since constraints, such as sterility and potential damage at the site of administration, axe minimized. Because of this, it is convenient to discuss the different types of dosage forms by using those developed for oral administration as initial examples. 

Several conditions are necessary for satisfactory surface coatings, e.g., nondrip applications. There is a balance between the ease of use and sagging of the paint during and after administration. Thixotropic additives, e.g., organo-montmorillonite clays are added. These form 3-dimensional networks, which are easily broken down by shear. 

For example, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene is a particularly potent carcinogen for the mammary gland of young female Sprague-Dawley rats after oral or intravenous administration (25,26), dietary benzo[a]pyrene leads to leukemia, lung adenoma and stomach tumors in mice (27), and either of these hydrocarbons can induce hepatomas in male mice when injected on the first day of life (28). Nevertheless, the mouse skin system has proved to be particularly valuable because of the rapidity of tumor induction, the ease of detection of tumors and because the multi-stage nature of the carcinogenic process was experimentally established in this system. 

Advantages of crystalloids include rapidity and ease of administration, compatibility with most drugs, absence of serum sickness, and low cost. 

The use of antimicrobials for this purpose requires consideration of the types of patients who are at risk the procedures causing bacteremia the organisms that are likely to cause endocarditis and the pharmacokinetics, spectrum, cost, and ease of administration of available agents. The objective... 

LAIV is made with live, attenuated viruses and is approved for intranasal administration in healthy people between 5 and 49 years of age (Table 41-2). Advantages of LAIV include its ease of administration, intranasal rather than intramuscular administration, and the potential induction of broad mucosal and systemic immune response. 

The oral route is the most commonly used route for the administration of drugs both because of ease of administration and because it is the most readily accepted route of administration. Although the dermal route may be as common for occupational... 

Nasal Administration. A route that has gained increasing popularity of late for pharmaceutical administration in humans is the intranasal route. The reasons for this popularity are the ease of use (and, therefore, ready patient acceptance and high compliance rate), the high degree and rate of absorption of many substances (reportedly for most substances up to 1000 molecular weight McMartin et al., 1987), and the avoidance of the highly acid environment in the stomach and first-pass metabolism in the liver (particularly important for some of the newer peptide moieties) (Attman and Dittmer, 1971). The only special safety concerns are the potential for irritation of the mucous membrane and the rapid distribution of administered materials to the CNS. 

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