Diarrheal disease

Examples of Clinical Studies Using Plant-Based Vaccines 

Enterotoxigenic E. coU, ETEC Potato, maize LT-B Tacket et ah, 2004 Beyer et ah, 2007 

Rabies virus Spinach Spike protein Modelska et ah, 1998 

Human papillomavirus Potato, tobacco El capsid protein Warzecha et ah, 2005 Biemelt et ah, 2003 Kohl et ah, 2006 

Swine transmissible, gastroenteritis virus Maize Spike protein Streatfield et ah, 2001 Lamphear et ah, 2004 

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Aeromonas hydrophila is a bacterium that causes diarrheal diseases and deep wound infections. These complications arise due to pore formation in sensitive cells by the protein toxin aerolysin. Proteolytic processing of the 52-kD precursor proaerolysin (Figure 10.34) produces the toxic form of the protein, aerolysin. Like a-hemolysin, aerolysin monomers associate to form a heptameric transmembrane pore. Michael Parker and coworkers have proposed... 

Proteolysis of this precursor yields the active form, aerolysiu, which is responsible for the pathogenic effects of the bacterium in deep wound infectious and diarrheal diseases. Like hemolysin, aerolysiu monomers associate to form heptameric membrane pores. The three /3-strands that contribute to the formation of the heptameric pore are shown in red. The N-terminal domain (residues 1-80, yellow) is a small lobe that protrudes from the rest of the protein. 

Vibrio cholerae 4.0/3828 (71) Epidemic and endemic fatal diarrheal disease... 

Education, simple rules of personal hygiene and safe food preparation can prevent many diarrheal diseases. Hand washing with soap is an effective step in preventing spread of illness. Human feces must always be considered potentially hazardous. Immunocompromised persons, alcoholics, persons with chronic liver disease and pregnant women may require additional attention, and health care providers can play an important role in providing information about food safety. These populations should avoid undercooked meat, raw shellfish, raw dairy products, French-style cheeses and unheated deli meats [114]. 

Emerging infectious pathogens, increasing antimicrobial resistance, recognition of the long-term impact of diarrheal diseases and the appearance of diseases that decrease the host defense have heightened the necessity to develop new and more specific treatments and further... 

DuPont HL Community-acquired diarrheal disease in western countries Applications of nonabsorbable oral antibiotic therapy. Adv Stud Med 2003 3(suppl A) S945-S950. 

Reid G Probiotics in the treatment of diarrheal diseases. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2000 2 78. 

Worldwide 5-6 million children die each year of diarrheal diseases. Symptoms of GTI are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (in case of Shigella and Entamoeba often bloody), abdominal pain and fever. Causal associations have been found between Campylobacter jejuni infections and subsequent Guillain-Barrd syndrome and between enterohem-orrhagic Escherichia coli colitis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. In severe or complicated cases a faeces culture (and in case of high fever also two blood cultures) should be taken prior to therapy. 

Tacket, C.O. (2005). Plant-derived vaccines against diarrheal diseases. Vaccine 23(15) 1866-1869. 

TRANSGENIC PLANTS EXPRESSING VACCINES AGAINST DIARRHEAL DISEASES... 

Cholera is a devastating infectious diarrheal disease that affects over 5 million people and causes the deaths of 200,000 annually. As with LT-B, potato plants expressing CT-B induced significant levels of neutralizing... 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2003. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, http //www.cdc. gov/narms/publications/2003/a anderson 2003.pdf (accessed June 16, 2006). 

Diseases that are widespread and have a short incubation period will commonly appear first. Measles, diarrheal disease, and respiratory infections, all of which are preventable diseases, constitute the vast majority of deaths following a disaster (Merson et al., 2006). When a disease appears in a population following a disaster, investigation and full appraisal of the situation (data collection and risk assessment) must occur immediately. 

Foodborne diseases are a widespread and growing public health problem, both in developed and developing countries. The global incidence of foodborne disease is difficult to estimate, but it has been reported that in the year 2000 alone, 2.1 million people died from diarrheal diseases. A great proportion of these cases can he attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. Additionally, diarrhea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children. 

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