Respiration, control

In both intermediate and maximum rates of respiration, control is distributed between several different steps, including the activity of the adenine nucleotide translocator (Groen et al., 1983). It is now recognized that the idea of a simple rate-limiting step for a metabolic pathway is simplistic and that control is shared by all steps although to different extents (Kacserand Bums, 1978 Fell, 1992). Each step in a pathway has a flux control coefficient (FCC) defined as ... 

Mueller AR, Lundberg DBA, Breese GR, Jonason Y (1982) The neuropharmacology of respiration control. Pharmacol Rev 34 255-279 Nutt DJ, Lawson CW (1992) Panic attacks a neurochemical overview of models and mechanisms. Br J Psychiatry 160 165-178... 

Breathing rate increases in response to caffeine. The effect on respiration occurs at the level of the brain stem s respiration control center. Theophylline has the most potent action of all the methylxanthines, affecting the smooth muscle of the bronchial tree in the lungs. This is why theophylline is a treatment for asthma. Doctors may recommend weak tea for their asthmatic patients with colds this bronchodilating action of the theophylline in the tea will aid in clearing mucus. 

Active fish have a better developed capillary system in the red muscle to supply oxygen to the mitochondria, and a higher haematocrit (Blaxter et al., 1971). The red muscle tissue also contains more cytochromes (respiratory proteins), and exhibits more cytochrome oxidase activity, which is responsible for transferring electrons in die respiratory chain, more efficient respiration control (oxidative phosphorylation and P/O coefficient) and a greater Atkinson charge, which characterizes energy reserve accumulated in adenyl nucleotides ... 

At q 7 1, this flux is nonzero even at the stationary conditions. However, in the fuUy conjugate system (q = 1), the rate of the food oxidation decreases and J2 = 0 at the stationary state. Thus, the respiration control system in the mitochondria of living organisms determines the rate J2 of the oxidation of alimentary substrates, depending on the variations in the ADP and ATP concentration ratio—in other words, in the driving force Xj of the conjugate process. Obviously, the maintenance of a constant sta tionary ATP concentration, even though low, at q 7 1 needs a nonzero rate of the oxidation of alimentary substrates. 

The bicarbonate ion (HCO3A is the second-largest anionic contributor to maintaining acid-base balance, and its secretion from the pancreas helps to neutralize the contents of the small intestine. Respiration controlling the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood (PaCOj) and renal excretion of bicarbonate are the two main homeostatic influences on plasma bicarbonate. Within the renal tubular lumen, carbonic anhydrase converts carbonic acid into carbon dioxide, which diffuses into the epithelial cells and forms carbonic acid, which later dissociates to bicarbonate. 

Dioxygen also permitted respiration (controlled combustion of carbohydrates), which produced more energy to be expended per unit of weight and of time. 

Hoshimiya, N., Naito, N., Yajima, M., and Handa, Y, A multichannel FES system for the restoration of motor functions in high spinal cord injury patients A respiration-controlled system for multi-joint upper extremity, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-36 754-760,1989. 

A multichannel neural-recording system is used in neuroscience experiments to study complex neural networks of animals in their natural environments [130]. It is also a critical component in brain-computer interface used for cortical-controlled neural prosthetics, which has a wide range of applications such as upper and lower limb prostheses [131-134], bladder and bowel movement control for spinal cord injury (SCI) patients [135-136], respiration control for SCI patients [137], and hand grasping function restoration [138]. 

The purity and integrity of Arahidopsis mitochondria was found to be about 90% based on galactolipid analysis and chlorophyll content (data not shown) and electron microscopy (Fig. 2). In addition, purified mitochondria exhibit good oxidative and phosphorylative properties as indicated by the high values of oxidation rates, respiration control and membrane potential (data not shown). 

Beneficiation faciUties require air and water pollution control systems, including efficient control of dust emissions, treatment of process water, and proper disposal of tailings (see AiRPOLLUTlON CONTROLMETHODS). In handling finished fluorspar, operators must avoid breathing fluorspar dust and contacting fluorspar with acids. Proper disposal of spills and the use of respirators and other personnel protective equipment must be observed. Contact with fluorspar may irritate the skin and eyes. 

In all of the process operations except venting and flaring, exposure is related to worker activity, and to some extent is dependent on worker behavior and the work practices appHed. The distinction between those exposures that are impacted by worker behavior and those that, barring the use of respirators, are not is important. The types of control methods to be appHed and the methods of exposure measurement to be used are influenced by this difference. 

Nitronaphthalene is metabolized to the carcinogenic 2-naphthylarnine in the human body (39). Respirators, protective clothing, proper engineering controls, and medical monitoring programs for workers involved in making by-product 2-nitronaphthalene should be used. 

Air Pollution. Particulates and sulfur dioxide emissions from commercial oil shale operations would require proper control technology. Compliance monitoring carried out at the Unocal Parachute Creek Project for respirable particulates, oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide from 1986 to 1990 indicate a +99% reduction in sulfur emissions at the retort and shale oil upgrading faciUties. No violations for unauthorized air emissions were issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency during this time (62). 

Medical uses for Udel resin include surgical trays, nebulizers, flow controllers for blood, and respiration regulators. Transportation applications center around automotive fuse housings, electrical connectors, and switches. Electrical and electronic end uses include coil bobbins, housings, connectors, bushings, capacitor film, and business machine parts. EinaHy, water, heater dip tubes, milking machine parts, pollution control equipment, and some filtration membranes are made. 

The common indices of the physical environment are temperature, pressure, shaft power input, impeller speed, foam level, gas flow rate, liquid feed rates, broth viscosity, turbidity, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and exit gas concentrations. A wide variety of chemical assays can be performed product concentration, nutrient concentration, and product precursor concentration are important. Indices of respiration were mentioned with regard to oxygen transfer and are particularly useful in tracking fermentation behavior. Computer control schemes for fermentation can focus on high productiv-... 

The lack of limits should not be taken to imply an absence of hazard. In the absence of a specific OEL for a particular dust, exposure should be adequately controlled and where there is no indication of the need for a lower value, personal exposure should be kept below both 10 mg/m 8 hr TWA total inhalable dust and 4 mg/m 8 hr TWA respirable dust. 

Control exposures by engineering techniques, e.g. containment, shielding, ventilation (consider need for in-duct filters to remove contamination prior to exhausting to atmosphere), backed up by systems of work and personal protection including approved respirators where necessary. 

HS(G)72 Control of respirable silica dust in heavy clay and refractory processes... 

Reliability of airflow measurements m assessing ventilation systems performance Cobalt - a review of properties, use and levels of exposure A review of respirable crystalline silica - Exposure and control... 

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