Acid injection into carbonate

The injection well was deepened a third time, to a depth of 900 m (3000 ft).175 A new, thicker confining zone of dense carbonate rock separates the current injection zone from the previous zone. As of early 1989, the wastes were still contained in the deepest injection zone. For details on acid injection into carbonate rock refer to Clark.176... 

Acid fracturing, friction reducers, 15 Acid hydrolysis, lignin, 173 Acid injection into carbonate reservoir, 610-611 Acid-rock reactions, rate, 15,16 Add wormholing in carbonate reservoirs, 608-620 in carbonate rocks, 610-611 Acidity-controlled redox reactions, 141-142 Addization... 

The materials of constmction of the radiant coil are highly heat-resistant steel alloys, such as Sicromal containing 25% Cr, 20% Ni, and 2% Si. Triethyi phosphate [78-40-0] catalyst is injected into the acetic acid vapor. Ammonia [7664-41-7] is added to the gas mixture leaving the furnace to neutralize the catalyst and thus prevent ketene and water from recombining. The cmde ketene obtained from this process contains water, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, and 7 vol % other gases (mainly carbon monoxide [630-08-0][124-38-9] ethylene /74-< 3 -/7, and methane /74-< 2-<7/). The gas mixture is chilled to less than 100°C to remove water, unconverted acetic acid, and the acetic anhydride formed as a Hquid phase (52,53). 

The much simpler steroid, 253, was fortuitously found to fulfill this role when injected into animals. Its lack of oral activity was overcome by incorporation of the 7a-thioacetate group. Reaction of the ethisterone intermediate, 77b, with a large excess of an organomagnesium halide leads to the corresponding acetylide salt carbonation with CO2 affords the carboxyllic acid, 251. This is then hydrogenated and the hydroxy acid cy-clized to the spirolactone. Oppenauer oxidation followed by treatment with chloranil affords the 4,6-dehydro-3-ketone (254). Conjugate addition of thiolacetic acid completes the synthesis of spironolactone (255), an orally active aldosterone antagonist. ... 

For the GC method, the generated carbon disulfide is analysed using a flame photomeric detector in the sulfur mode. The acid decomposition is carried out in a sealed glass container at 80 °C, and an aliquot of the headspace is injected into a gas chromatograph. " ... 

The hazard of well blowout is greatest if hydrochloric acid wastes exceeding certain temperature and concentration limits are injected into a carbonate formation. When carbonate dissolves in acid, carbon dioxide is formed. Normally, this gas remains dissolved in the formation waters at deep-well temperatures and pressures, but if the temperature exceeds 88°F or acid concentration exceeds 6% HC1, carbon dioxide will separate from the formation waters as a gas. The resulting gas accumulation can increase pressures to a point where, if injection stops or drops below the subsurface carbon dioxide pressure, a blowout can occur. 

Kamath, K. and Salazar. M., The role of the critical temperature of carbon dioxide on the behavior of wells injecting hydrochloric acid into carbonate formations, in Proc. Int. Symp. Subsurface injection of Liquid Wastes, New Orleans, National Water Well Association, Dublin, OH, 1986, pp. 638-655. 

Several cases of spontaneous ignition after exposure to air of fine coke particles removed from filter strainers on a petroleum refinery furfural extraction unit have been noted. This has been associated with the use of sodium hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) injected into the plant for pH control, which produced a pH of 10.5 locally. This would tend to resinify the aldehyde, but there is also the possibility of a Cannizzaro reaction causing conversion of the aldehyde to furfuryl alcohol and furoic acid. The latter, together with other acidic products of autoxidation of the aldehyde, would tend to resinily the furfuryl alcohol. Pyrolysis GLC showed the presence of a significant proportion of furfuryl alcohol-derived resins in the coke. The latter is now discarded into drums of water, immediately after discharge from the strainers, to prevent further incidents. 

To perform fed-batch experiments with P. putida a method had to be developed to prevent carbon limitation and to prevent a buildup of the concentration of the fatty acids to inhibitory levels. HPLC methods to measure the concentration of aliphatic substrates and octanoic acid have been reported, but these are not suitable for the detection of long chain fatty acids in a watery phase due to their low solubility. Instead Huijberts et al. [55, 56] developed a method in which discrete pulses of fatty acids were added to fed-batch cultures. Substrate exhaustion was detected by a sudden increase in dissolved oxygen tension and this signal was used to trigger the injection of another fatty acid pulse into the... 

Fukishi and Hiiro [222] determined sulfide in seawater by this technique. The method is based on the generation of hydrogen sulfide by the addition of sulfuric acid to the water sample. The gas permeated through a microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tube, and was collected in a sodium hydroxide solution. The carbon dioxide in the permeate was removed by adding a barium cation-exchange resin to the sodium hydroxide solution. Injection into the... 

The compounds in a suitable solvent were subcutaneously injected into mice. Methyl fluoroacetate was always injected, under the same conditions, into a batch of mice as a control. The /9-carbon atom in /9-2-fluoroethoxypropionic acid and in /9-3-fluoropropoxypropionic acid is linked to the ether oxygen atom, and if/9-oxidation of these compounds takes place in vivo, the hydrogen carbonate of the fluoro alcohol is formed. One would expect this to have approximately the same toxicity as the alcohol itself, since the latter would be produced either by hydrolysis or by elimination of carbon dioxide ... 

In a laboratory experiment, 5 mL of 6.3 mM of potassium permanganate was injected into a 50-mL vial trichloroethylene of 0.1 mM aqueous solution. Trichloroethylene underwent rapid oxidation. Products identified before oxidizing to carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride were formic, glycolic, glyoxylic, and oxalic acids. At pH 4, 77% of the trichloroethylene was converted... 

The luciferase activity was measured using a luminometer equipped with two dispensers. The microtiter plates were thawed and shaken for 2 min at room temperature and placed in the luminometer. One hundred mieroliters of glow mix (20 mM tryein, 1.07 mM magnesium hydroxide carbonate pentahydrate, 2.67 mM magnesium sulfate, 0.1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 33.3 mM dithiothreitol, 270 pM eoenzyme A, 470 pM lueiferin) were automatically injected into each well. The light output was reeorded on whieh the reaetion was stopped by automatic injection of 100 pi of 0.2-M NaOH. 

When the sample solution containing glutamic acid was injected into the system, the potential of the carbon dioxide gas-sensing electrode increased with time. The enzyme reaction was carried out at pH 4.4, which was sufficiently below the pK value (6.34 at 2 fc) of carbon dioxide. 

It is often asked what the nature is of the surface in which the inhibitor adsorbs. It would be naive to assume that all actual steel surfaces have steel in contact with the solution. In some cases C02 is injected into the solution and this would tend to form carbonate films on the metal s surface unless the solution is more acid than, say, pH... 

Pellenbarg and Church [50] employed a variation of this technique. They extracted estuarine water samples using the APDC—MIBK procedure. The organic extract was then evaporated to dryness and the residue wet ashed with 4.0 ml portions of concentrated nitric acid. Subsequently the nitric acid was evaporated and the moist residue made up to 5.0 ml with 0.1 M nitric acid. Copper was determined in this solution by injection into a carbon-rod atomiser. 

The dissolution of dolomite, calcium magnesium carbonate, in hydrochloric acid is a reataion of particular importance in the acid stimulation of dolomite oil teseivoirsd The oil is contained in pore space of the carbonate material and must flow through the small pores to reach the well bore. In matrix stimulation, HCl is injected into a well bore to dissolve the porous carbonate matrix. By dissolving the solid carbonate the pores will increase in size, and die oil and gas will be able to flow out at faster rates, thereby increasing the productivity of tbe well. The dissolution reaction is... 

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