Regulation of respiration

Respiratory g and 5 ligands participate in the regulation of respiration (Su et al. 1998). Respiratory suppression is a regular feature of morphine, which suppresses all phases of respiration. Respiratory arrest is the most frequent cause of death from morphine or heroin overdose. In... 

Obsessive-compulsive disorder may be linked to abnormalities of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine. The neuroanatomical basis of OCD may be related to dysfunction in the basal ganglia. The hallmark of treatment for OCD is use of SSRIs plus the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine. Panic disorder is characterized by unexpected panic attacks, possibly linked to abnormalities in the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and GABA, in the sensitivity of benzodiazepine receptors, or even in the regulation of respiration. Drag treatments include SSRIs, several of the newer antidepressants, high-potency benzodiazepines, many tricyclic antidepressants, and MAO inhibitors. 

Because ACTH synthesis originates from the POMC precursor peptide, its production by the pituitary is closely tied to the secretion of endogenous opiate peptides, such as P-endorphin. The physiological effects of endogenous opiates include (1) sedation, (2) an increased threshold of pain, and (3) autonomic regulation of respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate. These peptides are also involved in modifying endocrine responses to stress and water balance... 

G7. Gesell, R., On the chemical regulation of respiration. 1. The regulation of respiration with special reference to the metabolism of the respiratory center and the coordination of the dual fimction of hemoglobin. Am. J. Physiol. 66, 5-49 (1923). 

Clinical assessment of abnormalities in the regulation of respiration is usually limited to measurements of the concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen in arterial blood (P COg and These measurements are made... 

Colchicine disrupts the movement of secretory vesicles within a cell, and thus interferes with chemical neurotransmission. If administered quickly or in elevatEd dose, the drug interferes with homeostatic mechanisms, particularly those mediated by the autonomic nervous system. Inhibition of medullary regulation of respiration, decreased thalamic control of core temperature, as well as inhibition of peripheral vasodilatation, leading to hypertension, may be seen. 

While there is no definite evidence of a marked effect of therapeutic doses of morphine on the respiration of a normal man, this does not deny that toxic doses of morphine may cause a fatal interference in the respiration of man or that therapeutic doses of morphine may induce extreme respiratory depression in certain sick individuals. It does mean that the effects of therapeutic doses of morphine on factors concerned in the regulation of respiration in healthy individuals are not the proper source for data to explain such acute effects as may occasionally be observed chnically. Tentatively we would suggest that whenever morphine depresses respiration it does so by decreasing metabolism, by a mechanism involving an increase in hydroxyl ions, or by both (1). 

Verduyn, C., Postma, E., Scheffers, W.A. and Van Dijken, J.P. (1992) Effect of benzoic acid on metabolic fluxes in yeasts a continuous-culture study on the regulation of respiration and alcoholic fermentation. Yeast 8, 501-517. 

Nielsen M, Smith H. Studies on the regulation of respiration in acute hypoxia. Acta Physiol Scand 1952 24 293-313. 

Nielsen B. On the regulation of respiration in reptiles. II. The effect of hypoxia with and without moderate hypercapnia on the respiration and metabolism of lizards. J Exp Biol 1962 39 107-117. 

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